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he passing of
he great race

MADISON GRANT

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I 7 H^o

THE PASSING OF THE GREAT RACE

THE PASSING OF
THE GREAT RACE

OR
THE RACIAL BASIS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY

MADISON GRANT

CHAIRMAN, NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY ; TRUSTEE, AMERICAN MUSEUM OR NATTJRAI
HISTORY ; COUNCILOR, AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY

FOURTH REVISED EDITION
WITH A DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

WITH PREFACES
BY

HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN

RMBAKM PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

1936

CM
515"
C -i

Printed in the United States of America

Published October, 1916
Reprinted December, 1916

NEW AND REVISED EDITION
Published March, 1918
Reprinted March, 1919

THIRD EDITION, REVISED
Pubb'shed May, 1920

FOURTH EDITION, REVISED

Published August, 1921

Reprinted February, July, 1922

February, September, 1923

November, 1924; December, 1926

May, 1930; May, 1932

c\\\ may ^e ^froduced in any form without

*\H * the permission of Charles Scribner's Sons

To
MY FATHER

PREFACE

European history has been written in terms of
nationality and of language, but never before in
terms of race; yet race has played a far larger part
than either language or nationality in moulding the
destinies of men; race implies heredity and hered-
ity implies all the moral, social and intellectual
characteristics and traits which are the springs of
politics and government.

Quite independently and unconsciously the au-
thor, never before a historian, has turned this
historical sketch into the current of a great bio-
logical movement, which may be traced back to
the teachings of Gal ton and Weismann, beginning
in the last third of the nineteenth century. This
movement has compelled us to recognize the
superior force and stability of heredity, as being
more enduring and potent than environment.
This movement is also a reaction from the teach-
ings of Hippolyte Taine among historians and of
Herbert Spencer among biologists, because it proves
that environment and in the case of man educa-
tion have an immediate, apparent and temporary
influence, while heredity has a deep, subtle and

permanent influence on the actions of men.

vii

viii PREFACE

Thus the racial history of Europe, which forms
the author's main outline and subject and which
is wholly original in treatment, might be para-
phrased as the heredity history of Europe. It is
history as influenced by the hereditary impulses,
predispositions and tendencies which, as highly
distinctive racial traits, date back many thousands
of years and were originally formed when man was
still in the tribal state, long before the advent of
civilization.

In the author's opening chapters these traits
and tendencies are commented upon as they are
observed to-day under the varying influences of
migration and changes of social and physical en-
vironment. In the chapters relating to the racial
history of Europe we enter a new and fascinating
field of study, which I trust the author himself
may some day expand into a longer story. There
is no gainsaying that this is the correct scientific
method of approaching the problem of the past.

The moral tendency of the heredity interpreta-
tion of history is for our day and generation and
is in strong accord with the true spirit of the
modern eugenics movement in relation to patriot-
ism, namely, the conservation and multiplication
for our country of the best spiritual, moral, intel-
lectual and physical forces of heredity; thus only
will the integrity of our institutions be maintained
in the future. These divine forces are more or

PREFACE ix

less sporadically distributed in all races, some of
them are found in what we call the lowest races,
some are scattered widely throughout humanity,
but they are certainly more widely and uniformly
distributed in some races than in others.

Thus conservation of that race which has given
us the true spirit of Americanism is not a matter
either of racial pride or of racial prejudice; it is a
matter of love of country, of a true sentiment
which is based upon knowledge and the lessons of
history rather than upon the sentimentalism which
is fostered by ignorance. If I were asked: What
is the greatest danger which threatens the American
republic to-day? I would certainly reply: The grad-
ual dying out among our people of those hereditary
traits through which the principles of our religious,
political and social foundations were laid down and
their insidious replacement by traits of less noble
character.

Henry Fairfield Osborn.

July i|, 1916.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION

History is repeating itself in America at the
present time and incidentally is giving a convinc-
ing demonstration of the central thought in this
volume, namely, that heredity and racial predis-
position are stronger and more stable than envi-
ronment and education.

Whatever may be its intellectual, its literary,
its artistic or its musical aptitudes, as compared
with other races, the Anglo-Saxon branch of the
Nordic race is again showing itself to be that upon
which the nation must chiefly depend for leader-
ship, for courage, for loyalty, for unity and har-
mony of action, for self-sacrifice and devotion to
an ideal. Not that members of other races are
not doing their part, many of them are, but in no
other human stock which has come to this country
is there displayed the unanimity of heart, mind
and action which is now being displayed by the
descendants of the blue-eyed, fair-haired peoples
of the north of Europe. In a recent journey in
northern California and Oregon I noted that, in
the faces of the regiments which were first to leave
for the city of New York and later that, in the
wonderful array of young men at Plattsburg, the

xii PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION

Anglo-Saxon type was clearly dominant over every
other and the purest members of this type largely
outnumbered the others. In northern California I
saw a great regiment detrain and with one or two
exceptions they were all native Americans, de-
scendants of the English, Scotch and north of
Ireland men who founded the State of Oregon
in the first half of the nineteenth century. At
Plattsburg fair hair and blue eyes were very no-
ticeable, much more so than in any ordinary crowds
of American collegians as seen assembled in our
universities.

It should be remembered also that many of the
dark-haired, dark-eyed youths of Plattsburg and
other volunteer training camps are often three-
fourths or seven-eighths Nordic, because it only re-
quires a single dark-eyed ancestor to lend the dark
hair and eye color to an otherwise pure Nordic
strain. There is a clear differentiation between the
original Nordic, the Alpine and the Mediterranean
strains; but where physical characters and char-
acteristics are partly combined in a mosaic, and to
a less degree are blended, it requires long experience
to judge which strain dominates.

With a race having these predispositions, ex-
tending back to the very beginnings of European
history, there is no hesitation or even waiting for
conscription and the sad thought was continually
in my mind in California, in Oregon and in Platts-

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION xiii

burg that again this race was passing, that this
war will take a very heavy toll of this strain of
Anglo-Saxon life which has played so large a part
in American history.

War is in the highest sense dysgenic rather than
eugenic. It is destructive of the best strains, spiri-
tually, morally and physically. For the world's
future the destruction of wealth is a small matter
compared with the destruction of the best human
strains, for wealth can be renewed while these strains
of the real human aristocracy once lost are lost
forever. In the new world that we are working
and fighting for, the world of liberty, of justice and
of humanity, we shall save democracy only when
democracy discovers its own aristocracy as in the
days when our Republic was founded.

Henry Fairfield Osborn.

Decemter, 191 7.

CONTENTS

PART I
RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

I. Race and Democracy 3

II. The Physical Basis or Race 13

III. Race and Habitat 37

IV. The Competition of Races 46

V. Race, Language and Nationality ... 56

VI. Race and Language 69

VII. The European Races in Colonies ... 76

PART II
EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

I. Eolithic Man 97

II. Paleolithic Man 104

III. The Neolithic and Bronze Ages . . . . 119

IV. The Alpine Race 134

V. The Mediterranean Race 148

VI. The Nordic Race 167

xvi CONTENTS

PAOX

VII. Teutonic Europe 179

VIII. The Expansion of the Nordics .... 188

DC. The Nordic Fatherland 213

X. The Nordic Race Outside of Europe . . 223

XL Racial Aptitudes 226

XII. Arya 233

XIII. Origin of the Aryan Languages . . . 242

XIV. The Aryan Language in Asia .... 253

Appendix with Colored Maps .... 265

Bibliography 275

Index 281

CHARTS AND MAPS

CHARTS

Chronological Table Pages 132-133

Classification or the Races of Europe

Facing page 123

Provisional Outline of Nordic Invasions and
Metal Cultures Facing page 191

MAPS

Maximum Expansion of Alpines with Bronze Cul-
ture, 3000-1800 B. C Facing page 266

Expansion of the Pre-Teutonic Nordics, 1800-
100 B. C Facing page 268

Expansion of the Teutonic Nordics and Slavic
Alpines, 100 B. C.-noo A. D. . . Facing page 270

Present Distribution of European Races

Facing page 272

INTRODUCTION

The following pages are devoted to an attempt
to elucidate the meaning of history in terms of
race; that is, by the physical and psychical char-
acters of the inhabitants of Europe instead of by
their political grouping or by their spoken lan-
guage. Practically all historians, while using the
word race, have relied on tribal or national names
as its sole definition. The ancients, like the mod-
erns, in determining ethnical origin did not look
beyond a man's name, language or country and
the actual information furnished by classic lit-
erature on the subject of physical characters is
limited to a few scattered and often obscure
remarks.

Modern anthropology has demonstrated that
racial lines are not only absolutely independent of
both national and linguistic groupings, but that in
many cases these racial lines cut through them at
sharp angles and correspond closely with the divi-
sions of social cleavage. The great lesson of the
science of race is the immutability of somatological
or bodily characters, with which is closely asso-
ciated the immutability of psychical predisposi-
tions and impulses. This continuity of inheri-

xx INTRODUCTION

tance has a most important bearing on the theory
of democracy and still more upon that of socialism,
for it naturally tends to reduce the relative im-
portance of environment. Those engaged in social
uplift and in revolutionary movements are there-
fore usually very intolerant of the limitations
imposed by heredity. Discussion of these limita-
tions is also most offensive to the advocates of
the obliteration, under the guise of international-
ism, of all existing distinctions based on national-
ity, language, race, religion and class. Those indi-
viduals who have neither country, nor flag, nor
language, nor class, nor even surnames of their
own and who can only acquire them by gift or
assumption, very naturally decry and sneer at the
value of these attributes of the higher types.

Democratic theories of government in their mod-
ern form are based on dogmas of equality formu-
lated some hundred and fifty years ago and rest
upon the assumption that environment and not
heredity is the controlling factor in human develop-
ment. Philanthropy and noble purpose dictated
the doctrine expressed in the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, the document which to-day constitutes
the actual basis of American institutions. The men
who wrote the words, "we hold these truths to be
self-evident, that all men are created equal," were
themselves the owners of slaves and despised
Indians as something less than human. Equality

INTRODUCTION xxi

in their minds meant merely that they were just
as good Englishmen as their brothers across the
sea. The words "that all men are created equal"
have since been subtly falsified by adding the
word "free," although no such expression is found
in the original document and the teachings based
on these altered words in the American public
schools of to-day would startle and amaze the men
who formulated the Declaration.

It will be necessary for the reader to divest his
mind of all preconceptions as to race, since mod-
ern anthropology, when applied to history, involves
an entire change of definition. We must, first of
all, realize that race pure and simple, the physical
and psychical structure of man, is something en-
tirely distinct from either nationality or language.
Furthermore, race lies at the base of all the mani-
festation of modern society, just as it has done
throughout the unrecorded eons of the past and
the laws of nature operate with the same relentless
and unchanging force in human affairs as in the
phenomena of inanimate nature.

The antiquity of existing European populations,
viewed in the light thrown upon their origins by
the discoveries of the last few decades, enables us
to carry back history and prehistory into periods
so remote that the classic world is but of yester-
day. The living peoples of Europe consist of layer
upon layer of diverse racial elements in varying

xxu INTRODUCTION

proportions and historians and anthropologists,
while studying these populations, have been con-
cerned chiefly with the recent strata and have
neglected the more ancient and submerged types.

Aboriginal populations from time immemorial
have been again and again swamped under floods
of newcomers and have disappeared for a time
from historic view. In the course of centuries,
however, these primitive elements have slowly re-
asserted their physical type and have gradually bred
out their conquerors, so that the racial history of
Europe has been in the past, and is to-day, a story
of the repression and resurgence of ancient races.

Invasions of new races have ordinarily arrived in
successive waves, the earlier ones being quickly
absorbed by the conquered, while the later arrivals
usually maintain longer the purity of their type.
Consequently the more recent elements are found
in a less mixed state than the older and the more
primitive strata of the population always contain
physical traits derived from still more ancient pred-
ecessors.

Man has inhabited Europe in some form or
other for hundreds of thousands of years and
during all this lapse of time the population has
been as dense as the food supply permitted. Tribes
in the hunting stage are necessarily of small size,
no matter how abundant the game and in the
Paleolithic period man probably existed only in

INTRODUCTION xxiii

specially favorable localities and in relatively
small communities.

In the Neolithic and Bronze periods domesti-
cated animals and the knowledge of agriculture,
although of primitive character, afforded an en-
larged food supply and the population in conse-
quence greatly increased. The lake dwellers of
the Neolithic were, for example, relatively numer-
ous. With the clearing of the forests and the
draining of the swamps during the Middle Ages
and, above all, with the industrial expansion of
the last century the population multiplied with
great rapidity. We can, of course, form little or
no estimate of the numbers of the Paleolithic
population of Europe and not much more of those
of Neolithic times, but even the latter must have
been very small in comparison with the census of
to-day.

Some conception of the growth of population in
recent times may be based on the increase in Eng-
land. It has been computed that Saxon England
at the time of the Conquest contained about
1,500,000 inhabitants, at the time of Queen Eliz-
abeth the population was about 4,000,000, while
in 191 1 the census gave for the same area some
35,000,000.

The immense range of the subject of race in con-
nection with history from its nebulous dawn and
the limitations of space, require that generaliza-

xxiv INTRODUCTION

tions must often be stated without mention of
exceptions. These sweeping statements may even
appear to be too bold, but they rest, to the best of
the writer's belief, upon solid foundations of facts
or else are legitimate conclusions from evidence
now in hand. In a science as recent as modern
anthropology, new facts are constantly revealed
and require the modification of existing hypotheses.
The more the subject is studied, the more pro-
visional even the best-sustained theory appears,
but modern research opens a vista of vast interest
and significance to man, now that we have dis-
carded the shackles of former false viewpoints and
are able to discern, even though dimly, the solu-
tion of many of the problems of race. In the future
new data will inevitably expand and perhaps
change our ideas, but such facts as are now in
hand and the conclusions based thereupon are
provisionally set forth in the following chapters
and necessarily often in a dogmatic form.

The statements relating to time have presented
the greatest difficulty, as the authorities differ
widely, but the dates have been fixed with ex-
treme conservatism and the writer believes that
whatever changes in them are hereafter required
by further investigation and study, will result in
pushing them back and not forward in prehistory.
The dates given in the chapter on "Paleolithic
Man" are frankly taken from the most recent

INTRODUCTION xxv

authority on this subject, "The Men of the Old
Stone Age," by Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn and
the writer desires to take this opportunity to
acknowledge his great indebtedness to this source
of information, as well as to Mr. M. Taylor Pyne
and to Mr. Charles Stewart Davison for their as-
sistance and many helpful suggestions.

The author also wishes to acknowledge his
obligation to Prof. William Z. Ripley's "The
Races of Europe," which contains a large array of
anthropological measurements, maps and type
portraits, providing valuable data for the present
distribution of the three primary races of Europe.

The American Geographical Society and its
staff, particularly Mr. Leon Dominian, have also
been of great help in the preparation of the maps
herein contained and this occasion is taken by the
writer to express his appreciation for their assist-
ance.

INTRODUCTION TO THE FOURTH REVISED
EDITION

The addition of a Documentary Supplement to
the latest revision of this book has been made in re-
sponse to a persistent demand for "authorities."

The author has endeavored to make the references
and quotations in this Supplement very full and,
so far as possible, interesting in themselves as well
as entirely distinct from the text, which stands
substantially unchanged, and the authorities quoted
are not necessarily the sources of the views herein
expressed but more often are given in support of
them. The contents of the book, since its first
appearance, have had the advantage of the criticism
of virtually every anthropologist in America and in
England, France and Italy — many of whom have
furnished the author with valuable corroborative
material. Some of this material appears in the
notes, but accessible authorities and the classical
writers have been given the more prominent place.
The supplement covered, as first prepared, substan-
tially every statement in the book, but much was
afterward omitted because it would seem that some
things could be taken without proof.

xxviii INTRODUCTION TO FOURTH EDITION

"The Passing of the Great Race," in its original
form, was designed by the author to rouse his fellow-
Americans to the overwhelming importance of race
and to the folly of the "Melting Pot" theory, even
at the expense of bitter controversy. This purpose
has been accomplished thoroughly, and one of the
most far-reaching effects of the doctrines enunciated
in this volume and in the discussions that followed
its publication was the decision of the Congress of
the United States to adopt discriminatory and re-
strictive measures against the immigration of unde-
sirable races and peoples.

Another of the results has been the publication in
America and Europe of a series of books and ar-
ticles more or less anthropological in character
which have sustained or controverted its main
theme. The new definition of race and the control-
ling role played by race in all the manifestations of
what we call civilization are now generally accepted
even by those whose political position depends upon
popular favor.

It was to be expected that there would be bitter
opposition to those definitions of race which are
based on physical and psychical characters that are
immutable, rather than upon those derived from
language or political allegiance, that are easily
altered.

To admit the unchangeable differentiation of race
in its modern scientific meaning is to admit inevi-

INTRODUCTION TO FOURTH EDITION xxix

tably the existence of superiority in one race and of
inferiority in another. Such an admission we can
hardly expect from those of inferior races. These
inferior races and classes are prompt to recognize
in such an admission the very real danger to
themselves of being relegated again to their former
obscurity and subordinate position in society. The
favorite defense of these inferior classes is an un-
qualified denial of the existence of fixed inherited
qualities, either physical or spiritual, which cannot
be obliterated or greatly modified by a change
of environment. Failing in this, as they must
necessarily fail, they point out the presence of
mixed or intermediate types, and claim that in
these mixtures, or blends as they choose to call them,
the higher type tends to predominate. In fact, of
course, the exact opposite is the case and it is
scarcely necessary to cite the universal distrust,
often contempt, that the half-breed between two
sharply contrasted races inspires the world over.
Belonging physically and spiritually to the lower
race, but aspiring to recognition as one of the higher
race, the unfortunate mongrel, in addition to a dis-
harmonic physique, often inherits from one parent
an unstable brain which is stimulated and at times
overexcited by flashes of brilliancy from the other.
The result is a total lack of continuity of purpose,
an intermittent intellect goaded into spasmodic out-
bursts of energy. Physical and psychical dishar-

xxx INTRODUCTION TO FOURTH EDITION

monies are common among crosses between Indians,
negroes and whites, but where the parents are more
closely related racially we often obtain individuals oc-
cupying the border-land between genius and insanity.

The essential character of all these racial mixtures
is a lack of harmony — both physical and mental — in
the first few generations. Then, if the strain sur-
vives, it is by the slow reversion to one of the par-
ent types — almost inevitably the lower.

The temporary advantage of mere numbers en-
joyed by the inferior classes in modern democracies
can only be made permanent by the destruction of
superior types — by massacre, as in Russia, or by taxa-
tion, as in England. In the latter country the finan-
cial burdens of the war and the selfish interests of
labor have imposed such a load of taxation upon
the upper and middle classes that marriage and chil-
dren are becoming increasingly burdensome.

The best example of complete elimination of a
dominant class is in Santo Domingo. The horrors
of the black revolt were followed by the slow death
of the culture of the white man. This history should
be studied carefully because it gives in prophetic
form the sequence of events that we may expect to
find in Mexico and in parts of South America where
the replacement of the higher type by the resurgent
native is taking place.

In the countries inhabited by a population more
or less racially uniform the phenomenon of the mul-

INTRODUCTION TO FOURTH EDITION xxxi

tiplication of the inferior classes fostered and aided
by the noble but fatuous philanthropy of the well-
to-do everywhere appears. Nature's laws when
unchecked maintain a relatively fixed ratio between
the classes, which is greatly impaired in modern
society by humanitarian and charitable activities.
The resurgence of inferior races and classes through-
out not merely Europe but the world, is evident in
every despatch from Egypt, Ireland, Poland, Ru-
mania, India and Mexico. It is called nationalism,
patriotism, freedom and other high-sounding names,
but it is everywhere the phenomenon of the long-
suppressed, conquered servile classes rising against
the master race. The late Peloponnesian War in the
world at large, like the Civil War in America, has
shattered the prestige of the white race and it will
take several generations and perhaps wars to re-
cover its former control, if it ever does regain it.
The danger is from within and not from without.
Neither the black, nor the brown, nor the yellow, nor
the red will conquer the white in battle. But if the
valuable elements in the Nordic race mix with in-
ferior strains or die out through race suicide, then
the citadel of civilization will fall for mere lack of
defenders.

One of the curious effects of democracy is the
unquestionable fact that there is less freedom of the
press than under autocratic forms of government.
It is well-nigh impossible to publish in the Amer-

xxxii INTRODUCTION TO FOURTH EDITION

ican newspapers any reflection upon certain religions
or races which are hysterically sensitive even when
mentioned by name. The underlying idea seems
to be that if publication can be suppressed the facts
themselves will ultimately disappear. Abroad, con-
ditions are fully as bad, and we have the authority
of one of the most eminent anthropologists in France
that the collection of anthropological measurements
and data among French recruits at the outbreak of
the Great War was prevented by Jewish influence,
which aimed to suppress any suggestion of racial
differentiation in France. In the United States also,
during the war, we were unable to obtain complete
measurements and data, in spite of the self-devo-
tion of certain scientists, like Drs. Davenport, Sulli-
van and others. This failure was due to lack of time
and equipment and not to racial influences, but in
the near future we may confidently expect in this
country strenuous opposition to any public discus-
sion of race as such.

The rapidly growing appreciation of the impor-
tance of race during the last few years, the study of
the influence of race on nationality as shown by the
after-war disputes over boundaries, the increasing
complexity of our own problems between the whites
and blacks, between the Americans and Japs, and
between the native Americans and the hyphenated
aliens in our midst upon whom we have carelessly
urged citizenship, and, above all, the recognition

INTRODUCTION TO FOURTH EDITION xxxiii

that the leaders of labor and their more zealous fol-
lowers are almost all foreigners, have served to arouse
Americans to a realization of the menace of the im-
pending Migration of Peoples through unrestrained
freedom of entry here. The days of the Civil War
and the provincial sentimentalism which governed or
misgoverned our public opinion are past, and this
generation must completely repudiate the proud
boast of our fathers that they acknowledged no
distinction in "race, creed, or color," or else the na-
tive* American must turn the page of history and
write:

"FINIS AMERICA"

THE PASSING OF THE
GREAT RACE

PART I
RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

RACE AND DEMOCRACY

Failure to recognize the clear distinction be-
tween race and nationality and the still greater
distinction between race and language and the easy
assumption that the one is indicative of the other
have been in the past serious impediments to an
understanding of racial values. Historians and
philologists have approached the subject from the
viewpoint of linguistics and as a result we are
to-day burdened with a group of mythical races,
such as the Latin, the Aryan, the Indo- Germanic,
the Caucasian and, perhaps, most inconsistent of
all, the Celtic race.

Man is an animal differing from his fellow in-
habitants of the globe not in kind but only in
degree of development and an intelligent study of
the human species must be preceded by an extended
knowledge of other mammals, especially the pri-
mates. Instead of such essential training, an-
thropologists often seek to qualify by research
in linguistics, religion or marriage customs or in
designs of pottery or blanket weaving, all of which
relate to ethnology alone. As a result the influence

4 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

of environment is often overestimated and over-
stated at the expense of heredity.

The question of race has been further com-
plicated by the effort of old-fashioned theologians
to cramp all mankind into the scant six thousand
years of Hebrew chronology as expounded by Arch-
bishop Ussher. Religious teachers have also main-
tained the proposition not only that man is some-
thing fundamentally distinct from other living
creatures, but that there are no inherited dif-
ferences in humanity that cannot be obliterated
by education and environment.

It is, therefore, necessary at the outset for the
reader to appreciate thoroughly that race, lan-
guage and nationality are three separate and
distinct things and that in Europe these three
elements are found only occasionally persisting
in combination, as in the Scandinavian nations.

To realize the transitory nature of political
boundaries one has but to consider the changes
which have occurred during the past century
and as to language, here in America we hear daily
the English language spoken by many men who
possess not one drop of English blood and who, a
few years since, knew not one word of Saxon speech.

As a result of certain religious and social
doctrines, now happily becoming obsolete, race
consciousness has been greatly impaired among
civilized nations but in the beginning all differ-

RACE AND DEMOCRACY 5

ences of class, of caste and of color marked actual
lines of race cleavage.

In many countries the existing classes rep-
resent races that were once distinct. In the city
of New York and elsewhere in the United States
there is a native American aristocracy resting upon
layer after layer of immigrants of lower races
and these native Americans, while, of course, dis-
claiming the distinction of a patrician class and
lacking in class consciousness and class dignity,
have, nevertheless, up to this time supplied the
leaders in thought and in the control of capital as
well as of education and of the religious ideals and
altruistic bias of the community.

In the democratic forms of government the
operation of universal suffrage tends toward the
selection of the average man for public office rather
than the man qualified by birth, education and
integrity. How this scheme of administration
will ultimately work out remains to be seen but
from a racial point of view it will inevitably in-
crease the preponderance of the lower types and
cause a corresponding loss of efficiency in the
community as a whole.

The tendency in a democracy is toward a stand-
ardization of type and a diminution of the in-
fluence of genius. A majority must of necessity
be inferior to a picked minority and it always
resents specializations in which it cannot share.

6 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

In the French Revolution the majority, calling
itself "the people," deliberately endeavored to
destroy the higher type and something of the
same sort was in a measure done after the Amer-
ican Revolution by the expulsion of the Loyalists
and the confiscation of their lands, with a resultant
loss to the growing nation of good race strains,
which were in the next century replaced by immi-
grants of far lower type.

In America we have nearly succeeded in de-
stroying the privilege of birth; that is, the intellec-
tual and moral advantage a man of good stock
brings into the world with him. We are now en-
gaged in destroying the privilege of wealth; that
is, the reward of successful intelligence and in-
dustry and in some quarters there is developing
a tendency to attack the privilege of intellect
and to deprive a man of the advantage gained from
an early and thorough classical education. Simpli-
fied spelling is a step in this direction. Ignorance
of English grammar or classic learning must not,
forsooth, be held up as a reproach to the political
or social aspirant.

Mankind emerged from savagery and barbar-
ism under the leadership of selected individuals
whose personal prowess, capacity or wisdom gave
them the right to lead and the power to compel
obedience. Such leaders have always been a mi-
nute fraction of the whole, but as long as the

RACE AND DEMOCRACY 7

tradition of their predominance persisted they were
able to use the brute strength of the unthinking
herd as part of their own force and were able to
direct at will the blind dynamic impulse of the
slaves, peasants or lower classes. Such a despot
had an enormous power at his disposal which, if
he were benevolent or even intelligent, could be
used and most frequently was used for the general
uplift of the race. Even those rulers who most
abused this power put down with merciless rigor
the antisocial elements, such as pirates, brigands
or anarchists, which impair the progress of a com-
munity, as disease or wounds cripple an individual.
True aristocracy or a true republic is govern-
ment by the wisest and best, always a small mi-
nority in any population. Human society is like
a serpent dragging its long body on the ground,
but with the head always thrust a little in advance
and a little elevated above the earth. The ser-
pent's tail, in human society represented by the
antisocial forces, was in the past dragged by
sheer strength along the path of progress. Such has
been the organization of mankind from the begin-
ning, and such it still is in older communities than
ours. What progress humanity can make under
the control of universal suffrage, or the rule of the
average, may find a further analogy in the habits of
certain snakes which wiggle sideways and dis-
regard the head with its brains and eyes. Such

8 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

serpents, however, are not noted for their ability
to make rapid progress.

A true republic, the function of which is ad-
ministration in the interests of the whole com-
munity— in contrast to a pure democracy, which in
last analysis is the rule of the demos or a majority
in its own interests — should be, and often is, the
medium of selection for the technical task of
government of those best qualified by antecedents,
character and education, in short, of experts.

To use another simile, in an aristocratic as
distinguished from a plutocratic or democratic
organization the intellectual and talented classes
form the point of the lance while the massive
shaft represents the body of the population and
adds by its bulk and weight to the penetrative
impact of the tip. In a democratic system this
concentrated force is dispersed throughout the
mass. It supplies, to be sure, a certain amount
of leaven but in the long run the force and genius
of the small minority is dissipated, and its effi-
ciency lost. Vox populi, so far from being Vox
Dei, thus becomes an unending wail for rights and
never a chant of duty.

Where a conquering race is imposed on another
race the institution of slavery often arises to com-
pel the servient race to work and to introduce
it forcibly to a higher form of civilization. As
soon as men can be induced to labor to supply

RACE AND DEMOCRACY 9

their own needs slavery becomes wasteful and
tends to vanish. From a material point of view
slaves are often more fortunate than freemen when
treated with reasonable humanity and when their
elemental wants of food, clothing and shelter are
supplied.

The Indians around the fur posts in northern
Canada were formerly the virtual bond slaves of
the Hudson Bay Company, each Indian and his
squaw and pappoose being adequately supplied
with simple food and equipment. He was pro-
tected as well against the white man's rum as the
red man's scalping parties and in return gave the
Company all his peltries — the whole product of his
year's work. From an Indian's point of view this
was nearly an ideal condition but was to all in-
tents serfdom or slavery. When through the open-
ing up of the country the continuance of such an
archaic system became an impossibility, the Indian
sold his furs to the highest bidder, received a large
price in cash and then wasted the proceeds in
trinkets instead of blankets and in rum instead of
flour, with the result that he is now gloriously free
but is on the highroad to becoming a diseased out-
cast. In this case of the Hudson Bay Indian the
advantages of the upward step from serfdom to
freedom are not altogether clear. A very similar
condition of vassalage existed until recently among
the peons of Mexico, but without the compensa-

io RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

tion of the control of an intelligent and provident
ruling class.

In the same way serfdom in mediaeval Europe
apparently was a device through which the land-
owners repressed the nomadic instinct in their
tenantry which became marked when the fertility
of the land declined after the dissolution of the
Roman Empire. Years are required to bring land
to its highest productivity and agriculture cannot
be successfully practised even in well-watered and
fertile districts by farmers who continually drift
from one locality to another. The serf or villein
was, therefore, tied by law to the land and could
not leave except with his master's consent. As
soon as the nomadic instinct was eliminated
serfdom vanished. One has but to read the
severe laws against vagrancy in England just
before the Reformation to realize how wide-
spread and serious was this nomadic instinct.
Here in America we have not yet forgotten the
wandering instincts of our Western pioneers, which
in that case proved beneficial to every one except
the migrants.

While democracy is fatal to progress when two
races of unequal value live side by side, an aris-
tocracy may be equally injurious whenever, in
order to purchase a few generations of ease and
luxury, slaves or immigrants are imported to do the
heavy work. It was a form of aristocracy that

RACE AND DEMOCRACY II

brought slaves to the American colonies and the
West Indies and if there had been an aristocratic
form of governmental control in California, Chinese
coolies and Japanese laborers would now form the
controlling element, so far as numbers are con-
cerned, on the Pacific coast.

It was the upper classes who encouraged the
introduction of immigrant labor to work American
factories and mines and it is the native American
gentleman who builds a palace on the country side
and who introduces as servants all manner of
foreigners into purely American districts. The
farming and artisan classes of America did not
take alarm until it was too late and they are now
seriously threatened with extermination in many
parts of the country. In Rome, also, it was the ple-
beian, who first went under in the competition with
slaves but the patrician followed in his turn a few
generations later.

The West Indian sugar planters flourished in the
eighteenth century and produced some strong
men; to-day from the same causes they have van-
ished from the scene.

During the last century the New England manu-
facturer imported the Irish and French Canadians
and the resultant fall in the New England birth-
rate at once became ominous. The refusal of the
native American to work with his hands when he
can hire or import serfs to do manual labor for him

12 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

is the prelude to his extinction and the immigrant
laborers are now breeding out their masters and
killing by filth and by crowding as effectively as by
the sword.

Thus the American sold his birthright in a con-
tinent to solve a labor problem. Instead of re-
taining political control and making citizenship an
honorable and valued privilege, he intrusted the
government of his country and the maintenance of
his ideals to races who have never yet succeeded in
governing themselves, much less any one else.

Associated with this advance of democracy and
the transfer of power from the higher to the lower
races, from the intellectual to the plebeian class, we
find the spread of socialism and the recrudescence
of obsolete religious forms. Although these phe-
nomena appear to be contradictory, they are in real-
ity closely related since both represent reactions
from the intense individualism which a century
ago was eminently characteristic of Americans.

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

In the modern and scientific study of race we
have long since discarded the Adamic theory that
man is descended from a single pair, created a few
thousand years ago in a mythical Garden of Eden
somewhere in Asia, to spread later over the earth
in successive waves.

It is a fact, however, that Asia was the chief
area of evolution and differentiation of man and
that the various groups had their main development
there and not on the peninsula we call Europe.

Many of the races of Europe, both living and
extinct, did come from the East through Asia
Minor or by way of the African littoral, but most
of the direct ancestors of existing populations
have inhabited Europe for many thousands of
years. During that time numerous races of men
have passed over the scene. Some undoubtedly
have utterly vanished and some have left their
blood behind them in the Europeans of to-day.

We now know, since the elaboration of the
Mendelian Laws of Inheritance, that certain bodfr^
characters, such as skull shape, stature, eye color,
hair color and nose form, some of which are so«

14 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

called unit characters, are transmitted in accordance
with fixed laws, and, further, that various char-
acters which are normally correlated or linked
together in pure races may, after a prolonged
admixture of races, pass down separately and
form what is known as disharmonic combinations.
Such disharmonic combinations are, for example, a
tall brunet or a short blond; blue eyes associated
with brunet hair or brown eyes with blond hair.

The process of intermixture of characters has
gone far in existing populations and through the
ease of modern methods of transportation this
process is going much further in Europe and in
America. The results of such mixture are not
blends or intermediate types, but rather mosaics
of contrasted characters. Such blends, if any, as
ultimately occur are too remote to concern us here.

The crossing of an individual of pure brunet race
with an individual of pure blond race produces in
the first generation offspring which are distinctly
dark. In subsequent generations, brunets and
blonds appear in various proportions but the former
tend to be much the more numerous. The blond is
consequently said to be recessive to the brunet be-
cause it recedes from view in the first generation.
This or any similar recessive or suppressed trait is
not lost to the germ plasm, but reappears in later
generations of the hybridized stock. A similar rule
prevails with other physical characters.

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE 15

In denning race in Europe it is necessary not
only to consider pure groups or pure types but
also the distribution of characters belonging to
each particular subspecies of man found there.
The interbreeding of these populations has pro-
gressed to such an extent that in many cases such
an analysis of physical characters is necessary to
reconstruct the elements which have entered into
their ethnic composition. To rely on averages
alone leads to misunderstanding and to disregard
of the relative proportion of pure, as contrasted
with mixed types.

Sometimes we find a character appearing here
and there as the sole remnant of a once numer-
ous race, for example, the rare appearance in
European populations of a skull of the Neander-
thal type, a race widely spread over Europe 40,000
years ago, or of the Cro-Magnon type, the pre-
dominant race 16,000 years ago. Before the fossil
remains of the Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon races
were studied and understood such reversional
specimens were considered pathological, instead
of being recognized as the reappearance of an
ancient and submerged type.

These physical characters are to all intents and
purposes immutable and they do not change dur-
ing the lifetime of a language or an empire. The
skull shape of the Egyptian fellaheen, in the un-
changing environment of the Nile Valley, is

16 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

absolutely identical in measurements, proportions
and capacity with skulls found in the predy-
nastic tombs dating back more than six thousand
years.

There exists to-day a widespread and fatuous
belief in the power of environment, as well as of
education and opportunity to alter heredity, which
arises from the dogma of the brotherhood of man,
derived in its turn from the loose thinkers of the
French Revolution and their American mimics.
Such beliefs have done much damage in the past
and if allowed to go uncontradicted, may do even
more serious damage in the future. Thus the view
that the Negro slave was an unfortunate cousin
of the white man, deeply tanned by the tropic
sun and denied the blessings of Christianity and
civilization, played no small part with the senti-
mentalists of the Civil War period and it has
taken us fifty years to learn that speaking English,
wearing good clothes and going to school and to
church do not transform a Negro into a white
man. Nor was a Syrian or Egyptian freedman
transformed into a Roman by wearing a toga and
applauding his favorite gladiator in the amphi-
theatre. Americans will have a similar experience
with the Polish Jew, whose dwarf stature, peculiar
mentality and ruthless concentration on self-in-
terest are being engrafted upon the stock of the
nation.

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE 17

Recent attempts have been made in the in-
terest of inferior races among our immigrants to
show that the shape of the skull does change, not
merely in a century, but in a single generation.
In 1 9 10, the report of the anthropological expert
of the Congressional Immigration Commission
gravely declared that a round skull Jew on his way
across the Atlantic might and did have a round
skull child; but a few years later, in response to
the subtle elixir of American institutions as ex-
emplified in an East Side tenement, might and
did have a child whose skull was appreciably
longer; and that a long skull south Italian, breed-
ing freely, would have precisely the same experi-
ence in the reverse direction. In other words the
Melting Pot was acting instantly under the in-
fluence of a changed environment.

What the Melting Pot actually does in prac-
tice can be seen in Mexico, where the absorption
of the blood of the original Spanish conquerors
by the native Indian population has produced
the racial mixture which we call Mexican and
which is now engaged in demonstrating its inca-
pacity for self-government. The world has seen
many such mixtures and the character of a mon-
grel race is only just beginning to be understood
at its true value.

It must be borne in mind that the specializa-
tions which characterize the higher races are of

1 8 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

relatively recent development, are highly unstable
and when mixed with generalized or primitive
characters tend to disappear. Whether we like
to admit it or not, the result of the mixture of
two races, in the long run, gives us a race re-
verting to the more ancient, generalized and lower
type. The cross between a white man and an In-
dian is an Indian; the cross between a white man
and a Negro is a Negro; the cross between a white
man and a Hindu is a Hindu; and the cross be-
tween any of the three European races and a Jew
is a Jew.

In the crossing of the blond and brunet ele-
ments of a population, the more deeply rooted
and ancient dark traits are prepotent or dominant.
This is matter of every-day observation and the
working of this law of nature is not influenced or
affected by democratic institutions or by religious
beliefs. Nature cares not for the individual nor
how he may be modified by environment. She
is concerned only with the perpetuation of the spe-
cies or type and heredity alone is the medium
through which she acts.

As measured in terms of centuries these char-
acters are fixed and rigid and the only benefit to be
derived from a changed environment and better
food conditions is the opportunity afforded a
race which has lived under adverse conditions
to achieve its maximum development but the

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE 19

limits of that development are fixed for it by
heredity and not by environment.

In dealing with European populations the best
method of determining race has been found to lie
in a comparison of proportions of the skull, the so-
called cephalic index. This is the ratio of maximum
width, taken at the widest part of the skull above
the ears, to maximum length. Skulls with an index
of 75 or less, that is, those with a width that is three-
fourths of the length or less, are considered doli-
chocephalic or long skulls. Skulls of an index of
80 or over are round or brachycephalic skulls.
Intermediate indices, between 75 and 80, are con-
sidered mesaticephalic. These are cranial indices.
To allow for the flesh on living specimens about
two per cent is to be added to this index and the
result is the cephalic index. In the following
pages only long and round skulls are considered
and the intermediate forms are assigned to the
dolichocephalic group.

This cephalic index, though an extremely im-
portant if not the controlling character, is, never-
theless, but a single character and must be checked
up with other somatological traits. Normally, a
long skull is associated with a long face and a
round skull with a round face

The use of this test, the cephalic index, enables
us to divide the great bulk of the European pop-
ulations into three distinct subspecies of man,

20 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

one northern and one southern, both dolicho-
cephalic or characterized by a long skull and a
central subspecies which is brachycephalic or char-
acterized by a round skull.

The first is the Nordic or Baltic subspecies. This
race is long skulled, very tall, fair skinned with
blond or brown hair and light colored eyes. The
Nordics inhabit the countries around the North
and Baltic Seas and include not only the great
Scandinavian and Teutonic groups, but also other
early peoples who first appear in southern Europe
and in Asia as representatives of Aryan language
and culture.

The second is the dark Mediterranean or Iberian
subspecies, occupying the shores of the inland sea
and extending along the Atlantic coast until it
reaches the Nordic species. It also spreads far
east into southern Asia. It is long skulled like
the Nordic race but the absolute size of the skull
is less. The eyes and hair are very dark or black
and the skin more or less swarthy. The stature is
distinctly less than that of the Nordic race and the
musculature and bony framework weak.

The third is the Alpine subspecies occupying
all central and eastern Europe and extending
through Asia Minor to the Hindu Kush and the
Pamirs. The Armenoids constitute an Alpine sub-
division and may possibly represent the ancestral
type of this race which remained in the mouu-

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE 21

tains and high plateaux of Anatolia and western
Asia.

The Alpines are round skulled, of medium
height and sturdy build both as to skeleton and
muscles. The coloration of both hair and eyes was
originally very dark and still tends strongly in that
direction but many light colored eyes, especially
gray, are now common among the Alpine popula-
tions of western Europe.

While the inhabitants of Europe betray as a
whole their mixed origin, nevertheless, individuals'
of each of the three main subspecies are found in
large numbers and in great purity, as well as sparse
remnants of still more ancient races represented
by small groups or by individuals and even by
single characters.

These three main groups have bodily characters
which constitute them distinct subspecies. Each
group is a large one and includes several well-
marked varieties, which differ even more widely
in cultural development than in physical diver-
gence so that when the Mediterranean of England
is compared with the Hindu, or the Alpine Savoy-
ard with the Rumanian or Turcoman, a wide gulf
is found.

In zoology, related species when grouped to-
gether constitute subgenera and genera and the
term species implies the existence of a certain
definite amount of divergence from the most closely

22 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

related type but race does not require a similar
amount of difference. In man, where all groups
are more or less fertile when crossed, so many-
intermediate or mixed types occur that the word
species has at the present day too extended a
meaning.

For the sake of clearness the word race and
not the word species or subspecies will be used in
the following chapters as far as possible.

The old idea that fertility or infertility of races
of animals was the measure of species is now
abandoned. One of the greatest difficulties in
classifying man is his perverse predisposition to
mismate. This is a matter of daily observation,
especially among the women of the better classes,
* probably because of their wider range of choice.

There must have existed many subspecies and
species, if not genera, of men since the Pliocene and
new discoveries of their remains may be expected
at any time and in any part of the eastern hemi-
sphere.

The cephalic index is of less value in the classi-
fication of Asiatic populations but the distribu-
tion of round and long skulls is similar to that in
Europe. The vast central plateau of that con-
tinent is inhabited by round skulls. In fact, Thibet
and the western Himalayas were probably the
centre of radiation of all the round skulls of the
world. In India and Persia south of this central

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE 23

area occurs a long skull race related to Mediter-
ranean man in Europe.

Both skull types occur much intermixed among
the American Indians and the cephalic index is
of little value in classifying the Amerinds. No
satisfactory explanation of the variability of the
skull shape in the western hemisphere has as yet
been found, but the total range of variation of
physical characters among them, from northern
Canada to southern Patagonia, is less than the
range of such variation from Normandy to Provence
in France.

In Africa the cephalic index is also of small
classification value because all of the populations
are characterized by a long skull.

The distinction between a long skull and a
round skull in mankind probably goes back at
least to early Paleolithic times, if not to a period
still more remote. It is of such great antiquity
that when new species or races appear in Europe
at the close of the Paleolithic, between 10,000 and
7,000 years B. C, the skull characters among
them are as clearly defined as they are to-day.

The fact that two distinct species of mankind
have long skulls, as have the north European and
the African Negro, is no necessary indication of
relationship and in that instance is merely a case
of parallel specialization, but the fact, however, that
the Swede has a long skull and the Savoyard a

24 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

round skull does prove them to be racially dis-
tinct.

The claim that the Nordic race is a mere vari-
ation of the Mediterranean race and that the lat-
ter is in turn derived from the Ethiopian Negro
rests upon a mistaken idea that a dolichocephaly in
common must mean identity of origin, as well as
upon a failure to take into consideration many so-
matological characters of almost equal value with
the cephalic index. Indeed, the cephalic index,
being merely a ratio, may be identical for skulls
differing in every other proportion and detail, as
well as in absolute size and capacity.

Eye color is of very great importance in race
determination because all blue, gray or green
eyes in the world to-day came originally from the
same source, namely, the Nordic race of northern
Europe. This light colored eye has appeared no-
where else on earth, is a specialization of this
subspecies of man only and consequently is
of extreme value in the classification of European
races. Dark colored eyes are all but universal
among wild mammals and entirely so among the
primates, man's nearest relatives. It may be
taken as an absolute certainty that all the original
races of man had dark eyes.

One subspecies of man and one alone specialized
in light colored eyes. This same subspecies also
evolved light brown or blond hair, a character far

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE 25

less deeply rooted than eye color, as blond children
tend to grow darker with advancing years and
populations partly of Nordic extraction, such as
those of Lombardy, upon admixture with darker
races lose their blond hair more readily than their
light colored eyes. In short, light colored eyes
are far more common than light colored hair. In
crosses between Alpines and Nordics, the Alpine
stature and the Nordic eye appear to prevail.
Light color in eyes is largely due to a greater or
less absence of pigment but it is not associated
with weak eyesight, as in the case of Albinos. In
fact, among marksmen, it has been noted that
nearly all the great rifle-shots in England or Amer-
ica have had light colored eyes.

Blond hair also comes everywhere from the
Nordic subspecies and from nowhere else. When-
ever we find blondness among the darker races of
the earth we may be sure some Nordic wanderer has
passed that way. When individuals of perfect
blond type occur, as sometimes in Greek islands,
we may suspect a recent visit of sailors from a
passing ship but when only single characters re-
main spread thinly, but widely, over considerable
areas, like the blondness of the Atlas Berbers or
of the Albanian mountaineers, we must search in
the dim past for the origin of these blurred traits
of early invaders.

The range of blond hair color in pure Nordic

26 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

peoples runs from flaxen and red to shades of chest-
nut and brown. The darker shades may indicate
crossing in some cases, but absolutely black hair
certainly does mean an ancestral cross with a
dark race — in England with the Mediterranean
race.

It must be clearly understood that blondness of
hair and of eye is not a final test of Nordic race.
The Nordics include all the blonds, and also those
of darker hair or eye when possessed of a preponder-
ance of other Nordic characters. In this sense the
word "blond" means those lighter shades of hair
or eye color in contrast to the very dark or black
shades which are termed brunet. The meaning
of "blond" as now used is therefore not limited
to the lighter or flaxen shades as in colloquial
speech.

In England among Nordic populations there are
large numbers of individuals with hazel brown
eyes joined with the light brown or chestnut hair
which is the typical hair shade of the English and
Americans. This combination is also common in
Holland and Westphalia and is frequently associated
with a very fair skin. These men are all of "blond"
aspect and constitution and consequently are to
be classed as members of the Nordic race.

In Nordic populations the women are, in gen-
eral, lighter haired than the men, a fact which
points to a blond past and a darker future for

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE 27

those populations. Women in all human races,
as the females among all mammals, tend to exhibit
the older, more generalized and primitive traits of
the past of the race. The male in his individual
development indicates the direction in which the
race is tending under the influence of variation and
selection.

It is interesting to note in connection with the
more primitive physique of the female, that in
the spiritual sphere also women retain the an-
cient and intuitive knowledge that the great mass
of mankind is not free and equal but bond and
unequal.

The color of the skin is a character of impor-
tance but one that is exceedingly hard to measure
as the range of variation in Europe between
skins of extreme fairness and those that are
exceedingly swarthy is almost complete. The
Nordic race in its purity has an absolutely fair
skin and is consequently the white man par
excellence.

Many members of the Nordic race otherwise
apparently pure have skins, as well as hair, more
or less dark, so that the determinative value of
this character is uncertain. There can be no
doubt that the quality of the skin and the ex-
treme range of its variation in color from black,
brown, red, yellow to ivory-white are excellent
measures of the specific or subgeneric distinctions

28 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

between the larger groups of mankind but in deal-
ing with European populations it is sometimes
difficult to correlate the shades of fairness with other
physical characters.

In general, hair color and skin color are linked
together, but it often happens that an individual
with all other Nordic characters in great purity-
has a skin of an olive or dark tint. Even more
frequently we find individuals with absolutely pure
brunet traits in possession of a skin of almost ivory
whiteness and of great clarity. This last combi-
nation is very frequent among the brunets of the
British Isles. That these are, to some extent, dis-
harmonic combinations we may be certain but be-
yond that our knowledge does not lead. Women,
however, of fair skin have always been the objects
of keen envy by those of the sex whose skins are
black, yellow or red.

Stature is another character of greater value
than skin color and, perhaps, than hair color and
is one of much importance in European classi-
fication for on that continent we have the most
i extreme variations of human height.

Exceedingly adverse economic conditions may
inhibit a race from attaining the full measure of
its growth and to this extent environment plays its
part in determining stature but fundamentally it
is race, always race, that sets the limit. The tall
Scot and the dwarfed Sardinian owe their respec-

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE 29

tive sizes to race and not to oatmeal or olive oil.
It is probable, however, that the fact that the stat-
ure of the Irish is, on the average, shorter than
that of the Scotch is due partly to economic con-
ditions and partly to the depressive effect of a
considerable population of primitive short stock.

The Mediterranean race is everywhere marked
by a relatively short stature, sometimes greatly
depressed, as in south Italy and in Sardinia, and
also by a comparatively light bony framework and
feeble muscular development.

The Alpine race is taller than the Mediterranean,
although shorter than the Nordic, and is char-
acterized by a stocky and sturdy build. The Al-
pines rarely, if ever, show the long necks and grace-
ful figures so often found in the other two races.

The Nordic race is nearly everywhere distin-
guished by great stature. Almost the tallest stature
in the world is found among the pure Nordic pop-
ulations of the Scottish and English borders while
the native British of Pre-Nordic brunet blood
are for the most part relatively short. No one
can question the race value of stature who ob-
serves on the streets of London the contrast
between the Piccadilly gentleman of Nordic race
and the cockney costermonger of the old Neolithic &

type.

In some cases where these three European races
have become mixed stature seems to be one of

30 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

the first Nordic characters to vanish, but wherever
in Europe we find great stature in a population
otherwise lacking in Nordic characters we may
suspect a Nordic crossing, as in the case of a
large proportion of the inhabitants of Burgundy,
of the Tyrol and of the Dalmatian Alps south to
Albania.

These four characters, skull shape, eye color,
hair color and stature, are sufficient to enable
us to differentiate clearly between the three main
subspecies of Europe, but if we wish to discuss the
minor variations in each race and mixtures between
them, we must go much further and take up other
proportions of the skull than the cephalic index, as
well as the shape and position of the eyes, the
proportions and shape of the jaws, the chin and
other features.

The nose is an exceedingly important character.
The original human nose was, of course, broad
and bridgeless. This trait is shown clearly in
new-born infants who recapitulate in their devel-
opment the various stages of the evolution of the
human genus. A bridgeless nose with wide, flaring
nostrils is a very primitive character and is still
retained by some of the larger divisions of man-
kind throughout the world. It appears occasion-
ally in white populations of European origin but is
everywhere a very ancient, generalized and low
character.

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE 31

The high bridge and long, narrow nose, the so-
called Roman, Norman or aquiline nose, is char-
acteristic of the most highly specialized races of
mankind. While an apparently unimportant char-
acter, this feature is one of the very best clews to
racial origin and in the details of its form, and es-
pecially in the lateral shape of the nostrils, is a
race determinant of the greatest value.

The lips, whether thin or fleshy or whether clean-
cut or everted, are race characters. Thick, pro-
truding, everted lips are very ancient traits and
are characteristic of many primitive races. A high
instep also has long been esteemed an indication of
patrician type while the flat foot is often the test
of lowly origin.

The absence or abundance of hair and beard
and the relative absence or abundance of body
hair are characters of no little value in classifica-
tion. Abundant body hair is, to a large extent,
peculiar to populations of the very highest as
well as the very lowest species, being characteristic
of the north European as well as of the Australian
savages. It merely means the retention in both
these groups of a very early and primitive trait
which has been lost by the Negroes, Mongols and
Amerinds.

The Nordic and Alpine races are far better
equipped with head and body hair than the Medi-
terranean, which is throughout its range a glabrous

32 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

or relatively naked race but among the Nordics
the extreme blond types are less equipped with
body hair or down than are darker members of
the race. A contrast in color between head hair
and beard, the latter always being lighter than
the former, may be one of the results of an ancient
crossing of races.

The so-called red haired branch of the Nordic
race has special characters in addition to red
hair, such as a greenish cast of eye, a skin of deli-
cate texture tending either to great clarity or to
freckles and certain peculiar temperamental traits.
This was probably a variety closely related to the
blonds and it first appears in history in associa-
tion with them.

While the three main European races are the
subject of this book and while it is not the inten-
tion of the author to deal with the other human
types, it is desirable in connection with the dis-
cussion of this character, hair, to state that the
three European subspecies are subdivisions of one
of the primary groups or species of the genus
Homo which, taken together, we may call the
Caucasian for lack of a better name.

The existing classification of man must be
radically revised, as the differences between the
most divergent human types are far greater than
are usually deemed sufficient to constitute separate
species and even subgenera in the animal kingdom

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE 33

at large. Outside of the three European sub-
species the greater portion of the genus Homo can
be roughly divided into the Negroes and Negroids,
and the Mongols and Mongoloids.

The former apparently originated in south Asia
and entered Africa by way of the northeastern corner
of that continent. Africa south of the Sahara is
now the chief home of this race, though remnants
of Negroid aborigines are found throughout south
Asia from India to the Philippines, while the very
distinct black Melanesians and the Australoids
lie farther to the east and south.

The Mongoloids include the round skulled Mon-
gols and their derivatives, the Amerinds or Amer-
ican Indians. This group is essentially Asiatic
and occupies the centre and the eastern half of
that continent.

A description of these Negroids and Mongoloids
and their derivatives, as well as of certain ab-
errant species of man, lies outside the scope of
this work.

In the structure of the head hair of all races
of mankind we find a regular progression from
extreme kinkiness to lanky straightness and this
straightness or curliness depends on the shape of
the cross section of the hair itself. This cross
section has three distinct forms, corresponding
with the most extreme divergences among human
species.

34 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

The cross section of the hair of the Negroes is
a flat ellipse with the result that they all have
kinky hair. This kinkiness of the Negroes' hair is
also due somewhat to the acute angle at which the
hair is set into the skin and the peppercorn form
of hair probably represents an extreme specializa-
tion.

The cross section of the hair of the Mongols
and their derivatives, the Amerinds, is a complete
circle and their hair is perfectly straight and lank.

The cross section of the hair of the so-called
Caucasians, including the Mediterranean, Alpine
and Nordic subspecies, is an oval ellipse and con-
sequently is intermediate between the cross sec-
tions of the Negroes and Mongoloids. Hair of
this structure is wavy or curly, never either kinky
or absolutely straight and is characteristic of all the
European populations almost without exception.

Of these three hair types the straighter forms
most closely represent the earliest human form of
hair.

We have confined the discussion to the most
important characters but there are many other
valuable aids to classification to be found in the
proportions of the body and the relative length
of the limbs. In this latter respect, it is a matter
of common knowledge that there occur two dis-
tinct types, the one long legged and short bodied,
the other long bodied and short legged.

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE 35

Without going into further physical details, it is
probable that all relative proportions in the body,
the features, the skeleton and the skull which are
fixed and constant and lie outside of the range of
individual variation represent dim inheritances
from the past. Every generation of human beings
carries the blood of thousands of ancestors, stretch-
ing back through thousands of years, superim-
posed upon a prehuman inheritance of still greater
antiquity and the face and body of every living
man offer an intricate mass of hieroglyphs that
science will some day learn to read and interpret.

Only the foregoing main characters will be used
as the basis for determining race and attention
will be called later to such temperamental and
spiritual traits as seem to be associated with distinct
physical types.

We shall discuss only European populations and,
as said, shall not deal with exotic and alien races
scattered among them nor with those quarters of
the globe where the races of man are such that
other physical characters must be called upon to
provide clear definitions.

A fascinating subject would open up if we were
to dwell upon the effect of racial combinations and
disharmonies, as, for instance, where the mixed
Nordic and Alpine populations of Lombardy usu-
ally retain the skull shape, hair color and stature
of the Alpine race, with the light eye color of the

2,6 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

Nordic race, or where the mountain populations
along the east coast of the Adriatic from the Tyrol
to Albania have the stature of the Nordic race and
an Alpine skull and coloration.

Ill

RACE AND HABITAT

The laws which govern the distribution of the
various races of man and their evolution through
selection are substantially the same as those con-
trolling the evolution and distribution of the
larger mammals.

Man, however, with his superior mentality has
freed himself from many of the conditions which
impose restraint upon the expansion of animals.
In his case selection through disease and social
and economic competition has largely replaced se-
lection through adjustment to the limitations of
food supply.

Man is the most cosmopolitan of animals and in
one form or another thrives in the tropics and in
the arctics, at sea level and on high plateaux, in
the desert and in the reeking forests of the equa-
tor. Nevertheless, the various races of Europe
have each a certain natural habitat in which it
achieves its highest development.

The Nordic Habitat

The Nordics appear in their present centre of
distribution, the basin of the Baltic, at the close

38 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

of the Paleolithic, as soon as the retreating glaciers
left habitable land. This race was probably at
that time in possession of its fundamental charac-
ters, and its extension from the plains of Russia
to Scandinavia was not in the nature of a radical
change of environment. The race in consequence
is now, always has been and probably always will
be, adjusted to certain environmental conditions,
chief of which is protection from a tropical sun.
The actinic rays of the sun at the same latitude
are uniform in strength the world over and con-
tinuous sunlight affects adversely the delicate
nervous organization of the Nordics. The fogs
and long winter nights of the North serve as a pro-
tection from too much sun and from its too direct
rays.

Scarcely less important is the presence of a
large amount of moisture but above all a constant
* variety of temperature is needed. Sharp contrast
between night and day temperature and between
summer and winter are necessary to maintain the
vigor of the Nordic race at a high pitch. Uniform
weather, if long continued, lessens its energy. Too
great extremes as in midwinter or midsummer in
parts of New England are injurious. Limited but
constant alternations of heat and cold, of moisture
and dryness, of sun and clouds, of calm and cy-
clonic storms offer the ideal surroundings.

Where the environment is too soft and luxurious

RACE AND HABITAT 39

and no strife is required for survival, not only are
weak strains and individuals allowed to survive
and encouraged to breed but the strong types also
grow fat mentally and physically, like overfed
Indians on reservations or wingless birds on
oceanic islands, which have lost the power of flight
as a result of prolonged protective conditions.

Men of the Nordic race may not enjoy the
fogs and snows of the North, the endless changes
of weather and the violent fluctuations of the
thermometer and they may seek the sunny south-
ern isles, but under the former conditions they
flourish, do their work and raise their families.
In the south they grow listless and cease to breed.

In the lower classes in the Southern States of
America the increasing proportion of "poor whites "
and "crackers" are symptoms of lack of climatic
adjustment. The whites in Georgia, in the Ba-
hamas and, above all, in Barbadoes are excellent
examples of the deleterious effects of residence out-
side the natural habitat of the Nordic race.

The poor whites of the Cumberland Mountains
in Kentucky and Tennessee present a more dif-
ficult problem, because here the altitude, even
though moderate, should modify the effects of lati-
tude and the climate of these mountains cannot
be particularly unfavorable to men of Nordic
breed. There are probably other hereditary forces
at work there as yet little understood.

40 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

No doubt bad food and economic conditions,
prolonged inbreeding and the loss through emigra-
tion of the best elements have played a large
part in the degeneration of these mountaineers.
They represent to a large extent the offspring of
indentured servants brought over by the rich
planters in early Colonial times and their names
indicate that many of them are the descendants of
the old borderers along the Scotch and English
frontier. The persistence with which family feuds
are maintained certainly points to such an origin.
The physical type is typically Nordic, for the
most part pure Saxon or Anglian, and the whole
mountain population show somewhat aberrant but
very pronounced physical, moral and mental char-
acteristics which would repay scientific investiga-
tion. The problem is too complex to be disposed
of by reference to the hookworm, illiteracy or
competition with Negroes.

This type played a large part in the settlement
of the Middle West, by way of Kentucky, Ten-
nessee and Missouri. Thence they passed both up
the Missouri River and down the Santa Fe trail
and contributed rather more than their share of
the train robbers, horse thieves and bad men of
the West.

Scotland and the Bahamas are inhabited by
men of precisely the same race, but the vigor of
the English in the Bahamas is gone and the beauty

RACE AND HABITAT 41

of their women has faded. The fact that they
were not in competition with an autochthonous
race better adjusted to climatic conditions has
enabled them to survive, but the type could not
have persisted, even during the last two hundred
years, if they had been compelled to compete on
terms of equality with a native and acclimated
population.

Another element entering into racial degenera-
tion on many other islands and for that matter
in many New England villages, is the loss through
emigration of the more vigorous and energetic
individuals, leaving behind the less efficient to
continue the race at home.

In subtropical countries where the energy of
the Nordics is at a low ebb it would appear that
the racial inheritance of physical strength and
mental vigor was suppressed and recessive rather
than destroyed. Many individuals born in unfa-
vorable climatic surroundings, who move back to
the original habitat of their race in the north, re-
cover their full quota of energy and vigor. New
York and other Northern cities have many South-
erners who are fully as efficient as pure Northerners.

This Nordic race can exist outside of its native
environment as land owning aristocrats who are
not required to do manual labor in the fields under
a blazing sun. As such an aristocracy it continues
to exist under Italian skies, but as a field laborer

42 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

the man of Nordic blood cannot compete with
his Alpine or Mediterranean rival. It is not to
be supposed that the various Nordic tribes and
armies, which for a thousand years after the fall of
Rome poured down from the Alps like the glaciers
to melt in the southern sun, were composed solely
of knights and gentlemen who became the landed
nobility of Italy. The man in the ranks also took
up his land and work in Italy, but he had to com-
pete directly with the native under climatic condi-
tions which were unfavorable to his race. In this
competition the blue eyed Nordic giant died and
the native survived. His officer, however, lived in
the castle and directed the labor of his bondsmen
without other preoccupation than the chase and
war and he long maintained his vigor.

The same thing happened in our South before
the Civil War. There the white men did not
work in the fields or in the factory. The heavy
work under the blazing sun was carried on by
Negro slaves and the planter was spared ex-
posure to an unfavorable environment. Under
these conditions he was able to retain much of his
vigor. When slavery was abolished and the
white man had to plough his own fields or work
in the factory deterioration began.

The change in type of the men who are now
sent by the Southern States to represent them in
the Federal Government from their predecessors

RACE AND HABITAT 43

in ante-bellum times is partly due to these causes,
but in greater degree it is to be attributed to the
fact that a large portion of the best racial strains
in the South were killed off during the Civil War.
In addition the war shattered the aristocratic
traditions which formerly secured the selection of
the best men as rulers. The new democratic ideals,
with universal suffrage in free operation among
the whites, result in the choice of representatives
who lack the distinction and ability of the leaders
of the Old South.

A race may be thoroughly adjusted to a cer-
tain country at one stage of its development and
be at a disadvantage when an economic change
occurs, such as was experienced in England a cen-
tury ago when the nation changed from an agri-
cultural to a manufacturing community. The type
of man that flourishes in the fields is not the type
of man that thrives in the factory, just as the
type of man required for the crew of a sailing
ship is not the type useful as stokers on a modern
steamer.

The Habitat of the Alpines and
Mediterraneans

The environment of the Alpine race seems to
have always been the mountainous country of
central and eastern Europe, as well as western
Asia, but they are now spreading into the plains,

44 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

notably in Poland and Russia. This type has
never flourished in the deserts of Arabia or the
Sahara, nor has it succeeded well in maintaining
its early colonies in the northwest of Europe with-
in the domain of the Nordic long heads. It is,
however, a sturdy and persistent stock and, while
much of it may not be overrefined or cultured, un-
doubtedly possesses great potentialities for future
development.

The Alpines in the west of Europe, especially
in Switzerland and the districts immediately sur-
rounding, have been so thoroughly Nordicized and
so saturated with the culture of the adjoining na-
tions that they stand in sharp contrast to back-
ward Alpines of Slavic speech in the Balkans and
east of Europe.

The Mediterranean race, on the other hand, is
clearly a southern type with eastern affinities.
It is a type that did not endure in the north of
Europe under former agricultural conditions nor is
it suitable to the farming districts and frontiers
of America and Canada. It is adjusted to sub-
tropical and tropical countries better than any
other European type and will flourish in our
Southern States and around the coasts of the Span-
ish Main. In France it is well known that mem-
bers of the Mediterranean race are better adapted
for colonization in Algeria than are French Alpines
or Nordics. This subspecies of man is notoriously

RACE AND HABITAT 45

intolerant of extreme cold, owing to its suscepti-
bility to diseases of the lungs and it shrinks from
the blasts of the northern winter in which the Nor-
dics revel.

The brunet Mediterranean element in the native
American seems to be increasing at the expense of
the blond Nordic element generally throughout the
Southern States and probably also in the large
cities. This type of man, however, is scarce on
our frontiers. In the Northwest and in Alaska in
the days of the gold rush it was in the mining
camps a matter of comment if a man turned up
with dark eyes, so universal were blue and gray
eyes among the American pioneers.

THE COMPETITION OF RACES

Where two races occupy a country side by side,
it is not correct to speak of one type as changing
into the other. Even if present in equal numbers
one of the two contrasted types will have some
small advantage or capacity which the other
lacks toward a perfect adjustment to surround-
ings. Those possessing these favorable variations
will flourish at the expense of their rivals and
their offspring will not only be more numerous,
but will also tend to inherit such variations. In
this way one type gradually breeds the other out.
In this sense, and in this sense only, do races
change.

Man continuously undergoes selection through
the operation of the forces of social environment.
Among native Americans of the Colonial period
a large family was an asset and social pressure
and economic advantage counselled both early
marriage and numerous children. Two hundred
years of continuous political expansion and material
prosperity changed these conditions and children,
instead of being an asset to till the fields and guard
the cattle, became an expensive liability. They

THE COMPETITION OF RACES 47

now require support, education and endowment
from their parents and a large family is regarded
by some as a serious handicap in the social struggle.

These conditions do not obtain at first among
immigrants, and large families among the newly
arrived population are still the rule, precisely as
they were in Colonial America and are to-day in
French Canada where backwoods conditions still
prevail.

The result is that one class or type in a popula-
tion expands more rapidly than another and ul-
timately replaces it. This process of replacement
of one type by another does not mean that the
race changes or is transformed into another. It
is a replacement pure and simple and not a trans-
formation.

The lowering of the birth rate among the most
valuable classes, while the birth rate of the lower
classes remains unaffected, is a frequent phe-
nomenon of prosperity. Such a change becomes
extremely injurious to the race if unchecked, unless
nature is allowed to maintain by her own cruel
devices the relative numbers of the different classes
in their due proportions. To attack race suicide
by encouraging indiscriminate reproduction is not
only futile but is dangerous if it leads to an increase
in the undesirable elements. What is needed in the
community most of all is an increase in the desir-
able classes, which are of superior type physically,

48 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

intellectually and morally and not merely an in-
crease in the absolute numbers of the population.

The value and efficiency of a population are not
numbered by what the newspapers call souls, but
by the proportion of men of physical and intel-
lectual vigor. The small Colonial population of
America was, on an average and man for man, far
superior to the present inhabitants, although the
latter are twenty-five times more numerous. The
ideal in eugenics toward which statesmanship should
be directed is, of course, improvement in quality
rather than quantity. This, however, is at present
a counsel of perfection and we must face condi-
tions as they are.

The small birth rate in the upper classes is to
some extent offset by the care received by such
children as are born and the better chance they
have to become adult and breed in their turn. The
large birth rate of the lower classes is under nor-
mal conditions offset by a heavy infant mortality,
which eliminates the weaker children.

Where altruism, philanthropy or sentimentalism
intervene with the noblest purpose and forbid na-
ture to penalize the unfortunate victims of reckless
breeding, the multiplication of inferior types is
encouraged and fostered. Indiscriminate efforts
to preserve babies among the lower classes often
result in serious injury to the race. At the existing
stage of civilization, the legalizing of birth control

THE COMPETITION OF RACES 49

would probably be of benefit by reducing the num-
ber of offspring in the undesirable classes. Regula-
tion of the number of children is, for good or evil,
in full operation among the better classes and its
recognition by the state would result in no further
harm among them.

Mistaken regard for what are believed to be
divine laws and a sentimental belief in the sanctity
of human life tend to prevent both the elimination
of defective infants and the sterilization of such
adults as are themselves of no value to the com-
munity. The laws of nature require the oblitera-
tion of the unfit and human life is valuable only
when it is of use to the community or race.

It is highly unjust that a minute minority should
be called upon to supply brains for the unthinking
mass of the community, but it is even worse to bur-
den the responsible and larger but still overworked
elements in the community with an ever increasing
number of moral perverts, mental defectives and
hereditary cripples. As the percentage of incom-
petents increases, the burden of their support will
become ever more onerous until, at no distant date,
society will in self-defense put a stop to the sup-
ply of feebleminded and criminal children of weak-
lings.

The church assumes a serious responsibility
toward the future of the race whenever it steps in
and preserves a defective strain. The marriage of

50 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

deaf mutes was hailed a generation ago as a tri-
umph of humanity. Now it is recognized as an
absolute crime against the race. A great injury is
done to the community by the perpetuation of
worthless types. These strains are apt to be meek
and lowly and as such make a strong appeal to
the sympathies of the successful. Before eugenics
were understood much could be said from a Chris-
tian and humane viewpoint in favor of indiscrimi-
nate charity for the benefit of the individual. The
societies for charity, altruism or extension of
rights, should have in these days, however, in their
management some small modicum of brains, other-
wise they may continue to do, as they have some-
times done in the past, more injury to the race than
black death or smallpox.

As long as such charitable organizations confine
themselves to the relief of suffering individuals,
no matter how criminal or diseased they may be,
no harm is done except to our own generation and
if modern society recognizes a duty to the humblest
malefactors or imbeciles that duty can be harm-
lessly performed in full, provided they be deprived
of the capacity to procreate their defective strain.

Those who read these pages will feel that there
is little hope for humanity, but the remedy has been
found, and can be quickly and mercifully applied.
A rigid system of selection through the elimina-
tion of those who are weak or unfit — in other words,

THE COMPETITION OF RACES 51

Social failures — would solve the whole question in
a century, as well as enable us to get rid of the
undesirables who crowd our jails, hospitals and
insane asylums. The individual himself can be
nourished, educated and protected by the com-
munity during his lifetime, but the state through
sterilization must see to it that his line stops with
him or else future generations will be cursed with
an ever increasing load of victims of misguided sen-
timentalism. This is a practical, merciful and in-
evitable solution of the whole problem and can be
applied to an ever widening circle of social dis-
cards, beginning always with the criminal, the dis-
eased and the insane and extending gradually to
types which may be called weaklings rather than
defectives and perhaps ultimately to worthless
race types.

Efforts to increase the birth rate of the genius
producing classes of the community, while most
desirable, encounter great difficulties. In such
efforts we encounter social conditions over which
we have as yet no control. It was tried two thou-
sand years ago by Augustus and his efforts to
avert race suicide and the extinction of the old Ro-
man stock were singularly prophetic of what some
far seeing men are attempting in order to preserve
the race of native Americans of Colonial descent.

Man has the choice of two methods of race im-
provement. He can breed from the best or he can

52 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

eliminate the worst by segregation or sterilization.
The first method was adopted by the Spartans,
who had for their national ideals military effici-
ency and the virtues of self-control, and along these
lines the results were completely successful. Under
modern social conditions it would be extremely
difficult in the first instance to determine which
were the most desirable types, except in the most
general way and even if a satisfactory selection
were finally made, it would be in a democracy a
virtual impossibility to limit by law the right to
breed to a privileged and chosen few.

Interesting efforts to improve the quality as well
as the quantity of the population, however, will
probably be made in more than one country after
the war has ended.

Experiments in limiting reproduction to the un-
desirable classes were unconsciously made in medi-
aeval Europe under the guidance of the church.
After the fall of Rome social conditions were such
that all those who loved a studious and quiet life
were compelled to seek refuge from the violence of
the times in monastic institutions and upon such
the church imposed the obligation of celibacy and
thus deprived the world of offspring from these
desirable classes.

In the Middle Ages, through persecution result-
ing in actual death, life imprisonment and banish-
ment, the free thinking, progressive and intellec-

THE COMPETITION OF RACES 53

tual elements were persistently eliminated over
large areas, leaving the perpetuation of the race to
be carried on by the brutal, the servile and the
stupid. It is now impossible to say to what ex-
tent the Roman Church by these methods has im-
paired the brain capacity of Europe, but in Spain
alone, for a period of over three centuries from the
years 147 1 to 1781, the Inquisition condemned to the
stake or imprisonment an average of 1,000 persons
annually. During these three centuries no less
than 32,000 were burned alive and 291,000 were
condemned to various terms of imprisonment and
other penalties and 17,000 persons were burned in
effigy, representing men who had died in prison or
had fled the country.

No better method of eliminating the genius pro-
ducing strains of a nation could be devised and
if such were its purpose the result was eminently
satisfactory, as is demonstrated by the superstitious
and unintelligent Spaniard of to-day. A similar
elimination of brains and ability took place in
northern Italy, in France and in the Low Countries,
where hundreds of thousands of Huguenots were
murdered or driven into exile.

Under existing conditions the most practical
and hopeful method of race improvement is through
the elimination of the least desirable elements in
the nation by depriving them of the power to con-
tribute to future generations. It is well known to

54 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

stock breeders that the color of a herd of cattle can
be modified by continuous destruction of worth-
less shades and of course this is true of other char-
acters. Black sheep, for instance, have been prac-
tically obliterated by cutting out generation after
generation all animals that show this color phase,
until in carefully maintained flocks a black indi-
vidual only appears as a rare sport.

In mankind it would not be a matter of great
difficulty to secure a general consensus of public
opinion as to the least desirable, let us say, ten per
cent of the community. When this unemployed
and unemployable human residuum has been elimi-
nated together with the great mass of crime, pov-
erty, alcoholism and feeblemindedness associated
therewith it would be easy to consider the advis-
ability of further restricting the perpetuation of
the then remaining least valuable types. By this
method mankind might ultimately become suffi-
ciently intelligent to choose deliberately the most
vital and intellectual strains to carry on the race.

In addition to selection by climatic environ-
ment man is now, and has been for ages, under-
going selection through disease. He has been deci-
mated throughout the centuries by pestilences such
as the black death and bubonic plague. In our
fathers' days yellow fever and smallpox cursed
humanity. These plagues are now under control,
but similar diseases now regarded as mere nui-

THE COMPETITION OF RACES 55

sauces to childhood, such as measles, mumps and
scarlatina, are terrible scourges to native popula-
tions without previous experience with them. Add
to these smallpox and other white men's diseases
and one has the great empire builders of yester-
day. It was not the swords in the hands of
Columbus and his followers that decimated the
American Indians, it was the germs that his men
and their successors brought over, implanting the
white man's maladies in the red man's world.
Long before the arrival of the Puritans in New
England, smallpox had nickered up and down the
coast until the natives were but a broken remnant
of their former numbers.

At the present time the Nordic race is under-
going selection through alcoholism, a peculiarly
Nordic vice, and through consumption. Both
these dread scourges unfortunately attack those
members of the race that are otherwise most de-
sirable, differing in this respect from filth diseases
like typhus, typhoid or smallpox. One has only
to look among the more desirable classes for the
victims of rum and tubercule to realize that
death or mental and physical impairment through
these two causes have cost the race many of its
most brilliant and attractive members.

RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

Nationality is an artificial political grouping
of population usually centring around a single
language as an expression of traditions and aspira-
tions. Nationality can, however, exist indepen-
dently of language but states thus formed, such as
Belgium or Austria, are far less stable than those
where a uniform language is prevalent, as, for ex-
ample, France or England.

States without a single national language are
constantly exposed to disintegration, especially
where a substantial minority of the inhabitants
speak a tongue which is predominant in an ad-
joining state and, as a consequence, tend to gravi-
tate toward such state.

The history of the last century in Europe has
been the record of a long series of struggles to unite
in one political unit all those speaking the same
or closely allied dialects. With the exception of
internal and social revolutions, every European
war since the Napoleonic period has been caused
by the effort to bring about the unification either
of Italy or of Germany or by the desperate at-
tempts of the Balkan States to struggle out of

RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY 57

Turkish chaos into modern European nations on a
basis of community of language. The unification
of both Italy and Germany is as yet incomplete ac-
cording to the views held by their more advanced
patriots and the solution of the Balkan question
is still in the future.

Men are keenly aware of their nationality and
are very sensitive about their language, but only
in a few cases, notably in Sweden and Germany,
does any large section of the population possess
anything analogous to true race consciousness, al-
though the term "race" is everywhere misused to
designate linguistic or political groups.

The unifying power of a common language works
subtly and unceasingly. In the long run it forms a
bond which draws peoples together — as the English-
speaking peoples of the British Empire with those
of America. In the same manner this linguistic
sympathy will bring the German-speaking Austrians
into a closer political community with the rest
of Germany and will hold together all the German-
speaking provinces.

It sometimes happens that a section of the pop-
ulation of a large nation gathers around language,
reinforced by religion, as an expression of individu-
ality. The struggle between the French-speaking
Alpine Walloons and the Nordic Flemings of Low
Dutch tongue in Belgium is an example of two
competing languages in an artificial nation which

58 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

was formed originally around religion. On the
other hand, the Irish National movement centres
chiefly around religion reinforced by myths of
ancient grandeur. The French Canadians and
the Poles use both religion and language to hold
together what they consider a political unit. None
of these so-called nationalities are founded on race.

During the past century side by side with the ten-
dency to form imperial or large national groups,
such as the Pan- Germanic, Pan-Slavic, Pan-Ru-
manian or Italia Irredenta movements, there has
appeared a counter movement on the part of small
disintegrating "nationalities" to reassert them-
selves, such as the Bohemian, Bulgarian, Serbian,
Irish, and Egyptian national revivals. The up-
heaval is usually caused, as in the cases of the Irish
and the Serbians, by delusions of former greatness
now become national obsessions, but sometimes it
means the resistance of a small group of higher cul-
ture to absorption by a lower civilization. The
reassertion of these small nationalities is associated
with the resurgence of the lower races at the
expense of the Nordics.

Examples of a high type threatened by a lower
culture are afforded by the Finlanders, who are try-
ing to escape the dire fate of their neighbors across
the Gulf of Finland — the Russification of the Ger-
mans and Swedes of the Baltic Provinces — and by
the struggle of the Danes of Schleswig to escape

RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY 59

Germanization. The Armenians, too, have re-
sisted stoutly the pressure of Islam to force them
away from their ancient Christian faith. This
people really represents the last outpost of Eu-
rope toward the Mohammedan East and consti-
tutes the best remaining medium through which
Western ideals and culture can be introduced into
Asia.

In these as in other cases, the process of absorp-
tion from the viewpoint of the world at large is
good or evil exactly in proportion to the relative
value of the culture and race of the two groups.
The world would be no richer in civilization with
an independent Bohemia or an enlarged Rumania;
but, on the contrary, an independent Hungarian na-
tion strong enough to stand alone, a Finland self-
governing or reunited to Sweden, or an enlarged
Greece would add greatly to the forces that make
for good government and progress. An inde-
pendent Ireland worked out on a Tammany model
is not a pleasing prospect. A free Poland, apart
from its value as a buffer state, might be actually a
step backward. Poland was once great, but the
elements that made it so are scattered and gone
and the Poland of to-day is a geographical expres-
sion and nothing more.

The prevailing lack of true race consciousness
is probably due to the fact that every important
nation in Europe as at present organized, with the

60 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

sole exception of the Iberian and Scandinavian
states, possesses in large proportions representa-
tives of at least two of the fundamental European
subspecies of man and of all manner of crosses be-
tween them. In France to-day, as in Caesar's
Gaul, the three races divide the nation in unequal
proportions.

In the future, however, with an increased knowl-
edge of the correct definition of true human races
and types and with a recognition of the immuta-
bility of fundamental racial characters and of the
results of mixed breeding, far more value will be
attached to racial in contrast to national or lin-
guistic affinities. In marital relations the con-
sciousness of race will also play a much larger part
than at present, although in the social sphere we
shall have to contend with a certain strange attrac-
tion for contrasted types./ When it becomes thor-
oughly understood that the children of mixed mar-
riages between contrasted races belong to the lower
type, the importance of transmitting in unim-
paired purity the blood inheritance of ages will be
appreciated at its full value and to bring half-
breeds into the world will be regarded as a social
and racial crime of the first magnitude.^ The laws
against miscegenation must be greatly extended
if the higher races are to be maintained.

The language that a man speaks may be noth-
ing more than evidence that at some time in the

RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY 6l

past his race has been in contact, either as con-
queror or as conquered, with its original posses-
sors. Postulating the Nordic origin and dissemi-
nation of the Proto-Aryan language, then in Asia
and elsewhere existing Aryan speech on the lips
of populations showing no sign of Nordic charac-
ters is to be considered evidence of a former dom-
inance of Nordics now long vanished.

One has only to consider the spread of the lan-
guage of Rome over the vast extent of her Empire
to realize how few of those who speak to-day
Romance tongues derive any portion of their blood
from the pure Latin stock and the error of talk-
ing about a "Latin race" becomes evident.

There is, however, such a thing as a large group
of nations which have a mutual understanding and
sympathy based on the possession of a common
or closely related group of languages and on the
culture of which it is the medium. This assemblage
maybe called the "Latin nations," but never the
"Latin race."

"Latin America" is a still greater misnomer
as the great mass of the populations of South
and Central America is not even European and
still less "Latin," being overwhelmingly of Amer-
indian blood.

In the Teutonic group a large majority of those
who speak Teutonic languages, as the English,
Flemings, Dutch, North Germans and Scandina-

62 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

vians, are descendants of the Nordic race while
the dominant class in Europe is everywhere of
that blood.

As to the so-called "Celtic race," the fantastic
inapplicability of the term is at once apparent
when we consider that those populations on the
borders of the Atlantic Ocean, who to-day speak
Celtic dialects, are divided into three groups, each
one showing in great purity the characters of one of
the three entirely distinct human subspecies found
in Europe. To class together the Breton peasant
with his round Alpine skull; the little, long-skulled,
brunet Welshman of Mediterranean race, and
the tall, blond, light-eyed Scottish Highlander of
pure Nordic blood, in a single group labelled Celtic
is obviously impossible. These peoples have nei-
ther physical, mental nor cultural characteristics
in common. If one be of "Celtic" blood then the
other two are clearly of different origin.

There was once a people who used the original
Celtic language and they formed the western van-
guard of the Nordic race. This people was spread
all over central and western Europe prior to the ir-
ruption of the Teutonic tribes and were, no doubt,
much mixed with Alpines among the lower classes.
The descendants of these Celts must be sought to-
day among those having the characters of the
Nordic race and not elsewhere.

In England the short, dark Mediterranean Welsh-

RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY 63

man talks about being "Celtic," quite unconscious
that he is the residuum of Pre-Nordic races of im-
mense antiquity. If the Celts are Mediterranean
in race then they are absent from central Europe
and we must regard as Celts all the Berbers and
Egyptians, as well as many Persians and Hin-
dus.

In France many anthropologists regard the
Breton of Alpine blood in the same light and
ignore his remote Asiatic origin. If these Alpine
Bretons are Celts then there is no substantial
trace of their blood, in the British Isles, as round
skulls are practically absent there and all the
blond elements in England, Scotland and Ireland
must be attributed to the historic Teutonic inva-
sions. Furthermore, we must call all the conti-
nental Alpines "Celts," and must also include all
Slavs, Armenians and other brachycephs of west-
ern Asia within that designation, which would be
obviously grotesque. The fact that the original
Celts left their speech on the tongues of Mediter-
raneans in Wales and of Alpines in Brittany must
not mislead us, as it indicates nothing more than
that Celtic speech antedates the Anglo-Saxons in
England and the Romans in France. We must
once and for all time discard the name "Celt"-
for any existing race whatever and speak only of
"Celtic" language and culture.

In Ireland the big, blond Nordic Danes claim

64 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

the honor of the name of "Celt," if honor it be,
but they are fully as Nordic as the English and
the great mass of the Irish are of Danish, Norse
and Anglo-Norman blood in addition to earlier
and Pre-Nordic elements. We are all familiar with
the blond and the brunet type of Irishman. These
represent precisely the same racial elements as
those which enter into the composition of the
English, namely, the tall Nordic blond and the
little Mediterranean brunet pure or combined with
Paleolithic remnants. The Irish are consequently
not entitled to independent national existence on
the ground of race, but if there be any ground for
political separation from England it must rest like
that of Belgium on religion, a basis for political
combinations now happily obsolete in communities
well advanced in culture.

In the case of the so-called "Slavic race," there
is much more unity between racial type and lan-
guage. It is true that in most Slavic-speaking
countries the predominant race is clearly Alpine,
except perhaps in Russia where there is a very
large substratum of Nordic type — which may be
considered as Proto-Nordic. The objection which
is made to the identification of the Slavic race
with the Alpine type rests chiefly on the fact that
a very large portion of the Alpine race is German-
speaking in Germany, Italian-speaking in Italy
and French-speaking in central France. Moreover,

RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY 65

large portions of Rumania are of exactly the same
racial complexion.

Many of the modern Greeks are also Alpines; in
fact, are little more than Byzantinized Slavs. It
was through the Byzantine Empire that the Slavs
first came in contact with the Mediterranean world
and through this Greek medium the Russians, the
Serbians, the Rumanians and the Bulgarians re-
ceived their Christianity.

Situated on the eastern marches of Europe, the
Slavs were submerged during long periods in the
Middle Ages by Mongolian hordes and were
checked in development and warped in culture.
Definite traces remain of the blood of the Mongols
both in isolated and compact groups in south Russia
and also scattered throughout the whole country as
far west as the German boundary. The high tide
of the Mongol invasion was during the thirteenth
century. Three hundred years later the great Mus-
covite expansion began, first over the steppes to
the Urals and then across Siberian tundras and
forests to the waters of the Pacific, taking up in
its course much Mongolian blood, especially during
the early stages of its advance.

The term "Caucasian race" has ceased to have
any meaning except where it is used, in the
United States, to contrast white populations with
Negroes or Indians or in the Old World with Mon-
gols. It is, however, a convenient term to include

66 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

the three European subspecies when considered as
divisions of one of the primary branches or species
of mankind but it is, at best, a cumbersome and
archaic designation. The name "Caucasian" arose
a century ago from a false assumption that the
cradle of the blond Europeans was in the Cau-
casus where no traces are now found of any such
race, except a small and decreasing minority of
blond traits among the Ossetes, a tribe whose
Aryan speech is related to that of the Armenians,
and who while mainly brachycephalic still retain
some blond and dolichocephalic elements which
apparently are fading fast. The Ossetes now have
about thirty per cent fair eyes and ten per cent fair
hair. They are supposed to be to some extent a
remnant of the Alans, the easternmost Teutonic
tribe and closely related to the Goths. Both Alans
and Goths very early in the Christian era occupied
southern Russia, and were the latest known Nor-
dics in the vicinity of the Caucasus Mountains. If
these Ossetes are not partly of Alan origin they
may possibly represent the last lingering trace of
ancient Scythian dolichocephalic blondness.

The phrase "Indo-European or Indo- Germanic
race" is also of little use. If it has any meaning
at all it must include all the three European races
as well as members of the Mediterranean race in
Persia and India. The use of this name also in-
volves a false assumption of blood relationship

RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY 67

between the north European populations and the
Hindus, because of their possession in common of
Aryan speech.

The name "Aryan race" must also be frankly dis-
carded as a term of racial significance. It is to-day
purely linguistic, although there was at one time, of
course, an identity between the original Proto-
Aryan mother tongue and the race that first spoke
and developed it. In short, there is not nor has
there ever been either a Caucasian or an Indo-Eu-
ropean race, but there was once, thousands of years
ago, an original Aryan race long since vanished into
dim memories of the past. If used in a racial
sense other than as above, it should be limited to
the Nordic invaders of Hindustan now long extinct.
The great lapse of time since the disappearance of
the ancient Aryan race as such is measured by
the extreme disintegration of the various groups of
Aryan languages. These linguistic divergences are
chiefly due to the imposition by conquest of Aryan
speech upon several distinct subspecies of man
throughout western Asia and Europe.

It may be pertinent before leaving this subject
to point out that, as a whole, "Germans,"
"French," and "English," as certain populations
are now called, are but little more entitled to be
considered the direct descendants, or even the ex-
clusive modern representatives, of the ancient Ger-
mans, Franks or Anglo-Saxons, than are the living

68 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

Italians or Greeks to be regarded as the offspring
of the Romans of the days of the Republic or the
Hellenes of the classic period. There are, of course,
many individuals and groups, perhaps even classes,
in each of these nations, who do accurately repre-
sent the race from which the national name was de-
rived. The Scandinavians, on the other hand, are
racially what they were two thousand years ago,
though diminished somewhat in race vigor by the
loss through the emigration of some of their more
enterprising members. Meanwhile, at the other
end of Europe, the modern Spaniard probably more
closely represents the Iberians before the arrival
of the Gauls than did the Spaniard of five hundred
years ago.

RACE AND LANGUAGE

When a country is invaded and conquered by a
race speaking a foreign language, one of several
things may happen: replacement of both popu-
lation and language, as in the case of eastern
England when conquered by the Saxons or adop-
tion of the language of the victors by the natives,
as happened in Roman Gaul, where the invaders
imposed their Latin tongue throughout the land
without substantially altering the race.

The Romans probably modified the race in Gaul
by killing a much larger proportion of the Nordic
fighting classes than of the more submissive Alpines
and Mediterraneans. This is confirmed by the
fact that when the prolonged and brilliant resistance
to Caesar's legions was finally broken, no serious
attempt was ever again made to throw off the Ro-
man yoke and a few centuries later the Teutonic
invaders encountered no determined opposition
from the inhabitants when they entered and
occupied the land.

In England and Scotland later conquerors, Norse-
men, Danes and Normans, failed to change radically
the Saxon speech of the country and in Gaul the

70 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

Teutonic tongues of the Franks, Burgundians and
Northmen could not displace the language of
Rome.
Autochthonous inhabitants frequently impose
' upon their invaders their own language and cus-
toms. In Normandy the conquering Norse pi-
rates accepted the language, religion and customs
of the natives and in a century they vanish from
history as Scandinavian heathen and appear as the
foremost representatives of the speech and religion
of Rome.

In Hindustan the blond Nordic invaders forced
their Aryan language on the aborigines, but their
blood was quickly and utterly absorbed in the
darker strains of the original owners of the land.
A record of the desperate efforts of the conqueror
classes in India to preserve the purity of their
blood persists until this very day in their carefully
regulated system of castes. In our Southern States
Jim Crow cars and social discriminations have
exactly the same purpose and justification.
* , The Hindu to-day speaks a very ancient form of
/ Aryan language, but there remains not one recog-
S nizable trace of the blood of the white conquerors
who poured in through the passes of the North-
west. The boast of the modern Indian that he is
of the same race as his English ruler is entirely
without basis in fact and the little swarthy native
lives amid the monuments of a departed grandeur.

RACE AND LANGUAGE 71

professing the religion and speaking the tongue of
his long forgotten Nordic conquerors, without the
slightest claim to blood kinship. The dim and un-
certain traces of Nordic blood in northern India
only serve to emphasize the utter swamping of the
white man in the burning South.

The power of racial resistance of a dense and ■
thoroughly acclimated population to an incoming
army is very great. No ethnic conquest can be
complete unless the natives are exterminated and
the invaders bring their own women with them.
If the conquerors are obliged to depend upon
the women of the vanquished to carry on the
race, the intrusive blood strain of the invaders
in a short time becomes diluted beyond recogni-
tion.

It sometimes happens that an infiltration of pop-
ulation takes place either in the guise of unwilling
slaves or of willing immigrants, who fill up waste
places and take to the lowly tasks which the
lords of the land despise, tnus gradually occupy-
ing the country and literally breeding out their
masters.

The former catastrophe happened in the declin-
ing days of the Roman Republic and the south
Italians of to-day are very largely descendants of
the nondescript slaves of all races, chiefly from the
southern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean,
who were imported by the Romans under the Em-

72 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

pire to work their vast estates. The latter is oc-
curring to-day in many parts of America, especially
in New England.

The eastern half of Germany has a Slavic Alpine
substratum which represents the descendants of
the Wends, who first appear about the commence-
ment of the Christian era and who by the sixth
century had penetrated as far west as the Elbe,
occupying the lands left vacant by the Teutonic
tribes which had migrated southward. These
Wends in turn were Teutonized by a return wave of
military conquest from the tenth century onward,
and to-day their descendants are considered Ger-
mans in good standing. Having adopted the Ger-
man as their sole tongue they are now in relig-
ious, political and cultural sympathy with the pure
Teutons; in fact, they are quite unconscious of
any racial distinction.

This historic fact underlies the ferocious contra
versy which has been raised over the ethnic origin
of the Prussians, the issue being whether the popu-
lations in Brandenburg, Silesia, Posen, West Prus-
sia, and other districts in eastern Germany, are
Alpine Wends or true Nordics. The truth is that
the dominant half of the population is purely Teu-
tonic and the remainder of the population are merely
Teutonized Wends and Poles of Alpine affinities.
Of course, these territories must also retain some
of their early Teutonic population and the blood

RACE AND LANGUAGE 73

of the Goth, Burgund, Vandal and Lombard, who
at the commencement of the Christian era were
located there, as well as of the later Saxon element,
must enter largely into the composition of the
Prussian of to-day.

Some anthropologists regard the Teutonized
round heads of south Germany as a distinct sub-
division of the Alpines because of the large per-
centage of blond hair and still larger percentage of
light colored eyes.

The most important communities in continental
Europe of pure German type are to be found in
old Saxony, the country around Hanover, and this
element prevails generally in the northwestern part
of the German Empire among the Low German-
speaking population, while the High German-speak-
ing population is largely composed of Teutonized
Alpines.

The coasts of the North Sea extending from
Schleswig and Holstein into Holland are inhabited
by a very pure Nordic type known as the Frisians.
They are the handsomest and in many respects
the finest of the continental Nordics and are
closely related to the English, as many of the
Post-Roman invaders of England either came from
Frisia or from adjoining districts.

All the states involved in the present world war
have sent to the front their fighting Nordic ele-
ment and the loss of life now going on in Europe

74 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

will fall much more heavily on the blond giant than
on the little brunet.

As in all wars since Roman times from a breeding x
point of view the little dark man is the final win-
ner. No one who saw one of our regiments march
on its way to the Spanish War could fail to be im- u
pressed with the size and blondness of the men in
the ranks as contrasted with the complacent citi-
zen, who from his safe stand on the gutter curb
gave his applause to the fighting man and then
stayed behind to perpetuate his own brunet type.
In the present war one has merely to study the
type of officer and of the man in the ranks to
realize that, in spite of the draft net, the Nordic race
is contributing an enormous majority of the fight-
ing men, out of all proportion to their relative
numbers in the nation at large.

This same Nordic element, everywhere the type
of the sailor, the soldier, the adventurer and the
pioneer, was ever the type to migrate to new coun-
tries, until the ease of transportation and the de-
sire to escape military service in the last forty years
reversed the immigrant tide. In consequence of
this change our immigrants now largely represent
lowly refugees from "persecution," and other social
discards.

In most cases the blood of pioneers has been lost
to their race. They did not take their women with
them. They either died childless or left half-

RACE AND LANGUAGE 75

breeds behind them. The virile blood of the Span-
ish conquistadores, who are now little more than a
memory in Central and South America, died out
from these causes.

This was also true in the early days of our
Western frontiersmen, who individually were a far
finer type than the settlers who followed them.
In fact, it is said that practically every one of the
Forty-Niners in California was of Nordic type.

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES

For reasons already set forth there are few com-
munities outside of Europe of pure European blood.
The racial destiny of Mexico and of the islands and
coasts of the Spanish Main is clear. The white man
is being rapidly bred out by Negroes on the islands
and by Indians on the mainland. It is quite evi-
dent that the West Indies, the coast region of our
Gulf States, perhaps, also the black belt of the lower
Mississippi Valley must be abandoned to Negroes.
This transformation is already complete in Haiti
and is going rapidly forward in Cuba and Jamaica.
Mexico and the northern part of South America
must also be given over to native Indians with
an ever thinning veneer of white culture of the
"Latin" type.

In Venezuela the pure whites number about one
per cent of the whole population, the balance being
Indians and various crosses between Indians, Ne-
groes and whites. In Jamaica the whites number
not more than two per cent, while the remainder are
Negroes or mulattoes. In Mexico the proportion
is larger, but the unmixed whites number Its*

than twenty per cent of the whole, the others

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 77

being Indians pure or mixed. These latter are the
"greasers" of the American frontiersman.

Whenever the incentive to imitate the dominant
race is removed the Negro or, for that matter,
the Indian, reverts shortly to his ancestral grade
of culture. In other words, it is the individual
and not the race that is affected by religion, edu-
cation and example. Negroes have demonstrated^
throughout recorded time that they are a station-
ary species and that they do not possess the poten-
tiality of progress or initiative from within. Pro-
gress from self-impulse must not be confounded
with mimicry or with progress imposed from with-
out by social pressure or by the slaver's lash.

When the impulse of an inferior race to imitate
or mimic the dress, manners or morals of the
dominant race is destroyed by the acquisition of
political or social independence, the servient race
tends to revert to its original status as in Haiti.

Where two distinct species are located side by side
history and biology teach that but one of two things
can happen ; either one race drives the other out, as
the Americans exterminated the Indians and as the
Negroes are now replacing the whites in various
parts of the South; or else they amalgamate and
form a population of race bastards in which the
lower type ultimately preponderates. This is a
disagreeable alternative with which to confront
sentimentalists but nature is only concerned with

78 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

results and neither makes nor takes excuses. The
chief failing of the day with some of our well mean-
ing philanthropists is their absolute refusal to face
inevitable facts, if such facts appear cruel.

In the Argentine white blood of the various
European races is pouring in so rapidly that a
community preponderantly white, but of the Medi-
terranean race, may develop, but the type is sus-
piciously swarthy.

In Brazil, Negro blood together with that of
the native inhabitants is rapidly overwhelming the
white Europeans, although in the southern prov-
inces German immigration has played an important
role and the influx of Italians has also been con-
siderable,
y In Asia, with the sole exception of the Russian
settlements in Siberia, there can be and will be no
ethnic conquest and all the white men in India,
the East Indies, the Philippines and China will
leave not the slightest trace behind them in the
blood of the native population. After several cen-
turies of contact and settlement the pure Spanish
in the Philippines are about half of one per cent.
The Dutch in their East Indian islands are even
less, while the resident whites in Hindustan amount
to about one-tenth of one per cent. Such numbers
are infinitesimal and of no force in a democracy, but
in a monarchy, if kept free from contamination, they
suffice for a ruling caste or a military aristocracy.

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 79

Throughout history it is only the race of the leaders
that has counted and the most vigorous have been
in control and will remain in mastery in one
form or another until such time as democracy and
its illegitimate offspring, socialism, definitely esta-
blish cacocracy and the rule of the worst and put
an end to progress. The salvation of humanity
will then lie in the chance survival of some sane ^r-
barbarians who may retain the basic truth that
inequality and not equality is the law of nature.

Australia and New Zealand, where the natives
have been virtually exterminated by the whites, are
developing into communities of pure Nordic blood
and will for that reason play a large part in the
future history of the Pacific. The bitter opposition
of the Australians and Californians to the admis-
sion of Chinese coolies and Japanese farmers is
due primarily to a blind but absolutely justified
determination to keep those lands as white man's
countries.

In Africa, south of the Sahara, the density of the
native population will prevent the establishment
of any purely white communities, except at the
southern extremity of the continent and possibly
on portions of the plateaux of eastern Africa.
The stoppage of famines and wars and the abo- . »
lition of the slave trade, while dictated by the
noblest impulses of humanity, are suicidal to the
white man. Upon the removal of these natural

80 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

checks Negroes multiply so rapidly that there will
not be standing room on the continent for white
men, unless, perchance, the lethal sleeping sickness,
which attacks the natives far more frequently than
^^ the whites, should run its course unchecked.

In South Africa a community of mixed Dutch
and English extraction is developing. Here the
only difference is one of language. English, being
a world tongue, will inevitably prevail over the
Dutch patois called "Taal." This Frisian dialect,
as a matter of fact, is closer to old Saxon or rather
Kentish than any living continental tongue and the
blood of the North Hollander is extremely close to
that of the Anglo-Saxon of England. The English
and the Dutch will merge in a common type just
as they have in the past two hundred years in the
Colony and State of New York. They must stand
together if they are to maintain any part of Africa
as a white man's country, because they are con-
fronted with the menace of an enormous black
Bantu population which will drive out the whites
unless the problem is bravely faced.

The only possible solution is to establish large
colonies for the Negroes and to allow them outside
of them only as laborers and not as settlers. There
must be ultimately a black South Africa and a
white South Africa side by side or else a pure
' black Africa from the Cape to the cataracts of the
* Nile.

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 81

In upper Canada, as in the United States up to
the time of our Civil War, the white population
was purely Nordic. The Dominion is, as a whole,
handicapped by the presence of an indigestible
mass of French-Canadians, largely from Brittany
and of Alpine origin, although the habitant patois
is an archaic Norman of the time of Louis XIV.
These Frenchmen were granted freedom of lan-
guage and religion by their conquerors and are
now using those privileges to form separatist groups
in antagonism to the English population. The
Quebec Frenchmen will succeed in seriously im-
peding the progress of Canada and will succeed
even better in keeping themselves a poor and
ignorant community of little more importance to
the world at large than are the Negroes in the South.
The selfishness of the Quebec Frenchmen is mea-
sured by the fact that in the present war they will
not fight for the British Empire or for France or
even for clerical Belgium and they are now endeav-
oring to make use of the military crisis to secure a
further extension of their " nationalistic ideals."

Personally the writer believes that the finest and
purest type of a Nordic community outside of Eu-
rope will develop in northwest Canada and on the
Pacific coast of the United States. Most of the
other countries in which the Nordic race is now
settling lie outside the special environment in which
alone it can flourish.

82 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

The Negroes of the United States while station-
ary, were not a serious drag on civilization until
in the last century they were given the rights of citi-
zenship and were incorporated in the body politic.
These Negroes brought with them no language or
religion or customs of their own which persisted
but adopted all these elements of environment
from the dominant race, taking the names of their
masters just as to-day the German and Polish Jews
are assuming American names. They came for
the most part from the coasts of the Bight of
Benin, but some of the later ones came from the
southeast coast of Africa by way of Zanzibar.
They were of various black tribes but have been
from the beginning saturated with white blood.

Looking at any group of Negroes in America, es-
pecially in the North, it is easy to see that while they
are all essentially Negroes, whether coal-black,
brown or yellow, a great many of them have vary-
ing amounts of Nordic blood in them, which has
in some respects modified their physical structure
without transforming them in any way into white
men. This miscegenation was, of course, a frightful
disgrace to the dominant race but its effect on the
Nordics has been negligible, for the simple reason
that it was confined to white men crossing with
Negro women and did not involve the reverse proc-
ess, which would, of course, have resulted in the
infusion of Negro blood into the American stock.

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 83

The United States of America must be regarded
racially as a European colony and owing to cur-
rent ignorance of the physical bases of race, one
often hears the statement made that native Amer-
icans of Colonial ancestry are of mixed ethnic
origin.

This is not true.

At the time of the Revolutionary War the set-
tlers in the thirteen Colonies were overwhelmingly
Nordic, a very large majority being Anglo-Saxon
in the most limited meaning of that term. The
New England settlers in particular came from
those counties of England where the blood was
almost purely Saxon, Anglian, Norse and Dane.
The date of their migration was earlier than the
resurgence of the Mediterranean type that has so
greatly expanded in England during the last cen-
tury with the growth of manufacturing towns.

New England during Colonial times and long
afterward was far more Nordic than old Eng-
land; that is, it contained a smaller percentage of
small, Pre-Nordic brunets. Any one familiar with
the native New Englander knows the clean cut face,
the high stature and the prevalence of gray and blue
eyes and light brown hair and recognizes that the
brunet element is less noticeable there than in the
South.

The Southern States were populated also by
Englishmen of the purest Nordic type but there is

84 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

to-day, except among the mountains, an appreci-
ably larger amount of brunet types than in the
North. Virginia is in the same latitude as North
Africa and south of this line no blonds have ever
been able to survive in full vigor, chiefly because
the actinic rays of the sun are the same regardless
of other climatic conditions. These rays beat
heavily on the Nordic race and disturb their ner-
vous system, wherever the white man ventures too
far from the cold and foggy North.

The remaining Colonial elements, the Holland
Dutch and the Palatine Germans, who came over in
small numbers to New York and Pennsylvania,
were also largely Nordic, while many of the French
Huguenots who escaped to America were drawn
from the same racial element in France. The
Scotch-Irish, who were numerous on the frontier
of the middle Colonies were, of course, of pure
Scotch and English blood, although they had re-
sided in Ireland for two or three generations. They
were quite free from admixture with the earlier
Irish, from whom they were cut off socially by bitter
religious antagonism and they are not to be con-
sidered as "Irish" in any sense.

There was no important immigration of other
elements until the middle of the nineteenth cen-
tury when Irish Catholic and German immigrants
appear for the first time upon the scene.

The Nordic blood was kept pure in the Colonies

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 85

because at that time among Protestant peoples
there was a strong race feeling, as a result of which
half-breeds between the white man and any native
type were regarded as natives and not as white
men.

There was plenty of mixture with the Negroes as
the light color of many Negroes abundantly testifies,
but these mulattoes, quadroons or octoroons were
then and are now universally regarded as Negroes.

There was also abundant cross breeding along
the frontiers between the white frontiersman and
the Indian squaw but the half-breed was every-
where regarded as a member of the inferior race.

In the Catholic colonies, however, of New France
and New Spain, if the half-breed were a good
Catholic he was regarded as a Frenchman or a
Spaniard, as the case might be. This fact alone
gives the clew to many of our Colonial wars where
the Indians, other than the Iroquois, were per-
suaded to join the French against the Americans
by half-breeds who considered themselves French-
men. The Church of Rome has everywhere used*^-
its influence to break down racial distinctions. It
disregards origins and only requires obedience to
the mandates of the universal church. In that lies
the secret of the opposition of Rome to all national
movements. It maintains the imperial as con-
trasted with the nationalistic ideal and in that re-
spect its inheritance is direct from the Empire.

86 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

Race consciousness in the Colonies and in the
United States, down to and including the Mexican
War, seems to have been very strongly developed
among native Americans and it still remains in full
vigor to-day in the South, where the presence of a
large Negro population forces this question upon the
daily attention of the whites.

In New England, however, whether through the
decline of Calvinism or the growth of altruism,
there appeared early in the last century a wave of
sentimentalism, which at that time took up the
cause of the Negro and in so doing apparently de-
stroyed, to a large extent, pride and consciousness
of race in the North. The agitation over slavery
was inimical to the Nordic race, because it thrust
aside all national opposition to the intrusion of
hordes of immigrants of inferior racial value and
prevented the fixing of a definite American type.

The Civil War was fought almost entirely by
unalloyed native Americans. The Irish immi-
grants were, at the middle of the last century,
confined to a few States and, being chiefly do-
mestic servants or day laborers, were of no social
importance. They gathered in the large cities
and by voting as a solid block for their own collec-
tive benefit quickly demoralized the governments
of the municipalities in which they secured ascen-
dancy. The German immigrants who came to
America about the same time were chiefly enthusi-

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 87

asts who had taken part in the German Revolution
of '48. In spite of the handicap of a strange lan-
guage they formed a more docile and educated
element than the Irish and were more prone to
scatter into the rural districts. Neither the Irish
nor the Germans played an important part in the
development or policies of the nation as a whole,
although in the Civil War they each contributed a
relatively large number of soldiers to the Northern
army. These Irish and German elements were for
the most part of the Nordic race and while they
did not in the least strengthen the nation either
morally or intellectually they did not impair its
physique.

There has been little or no Indian blood taken
into the veins of the native American, except in
States like Oklahoma and in some isolated families
scattered here and there in the Northwest. This
particular mixture will play no very important role
in future combinations of race on this continent,
except in the north of Canada.

The native American has always found and finds
now in the black men willing followers who ask
only to obey and to further the ideals and wishes
of the master race, without trying to inject into the
body politic their own views, whether racial, re-
ligious or social. Negroes are never socialists or
labor unionists and as long as the dominant im-
poses its will on the servient race and as long as

88 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

they remain in the same relation to the whites as in /
the past, the Negroes will be a valuable element in y^f
the community but once raised to social equality (
their influence will be destructive to themselves J
and to the whites. If the purity of the two races
is to be maintained they cannot continue to live
side by side and this is a problem from which there
can be no escape.

The native American by the middle of the nine-
teenth century was rapidly acquiring distinct char-
acteristics. Derived from the Saxon and Danish
parts of the British Isles and being almost purely
Nordic he was by reason of a differential selection
due to a new environment beginning to show
physical peculiarities of his own slightly variant
from those of his English forefathers and corre-
sponding rather with the idealistic Elizabethan than
with the materialistic Hanoverian Englishman.
The Civil War, however, put a severe, perhaps
fatal, check to the development and expansion of
this splendid type by destroying great numbers of
the best breeding stock on both sides and by break-
ing up the home ties of many more. If the war
had not occurred these same men with their de-
scendants would have populated the Western
States instead of the racial nondescripts who are
now flocking there.

There is every reason to believe that the native
stock would have continued to maintain a high rate

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 89

of increase if there had been no immigration of
foreign laborers in the middle of the nineteenth
century and that the actual population of the United
States would be fully as large as it is now but
would have been almost exclusively native Ameri-
can and Nordic.

The prosperity that followed the war attracted
hordes of newcomers who were welcomed by the >/
native Americans to operate factories, build rail-
roads and fill up the waste spaces — "developing
the country" it was called.

These new immigrants were no longer exclusively
members of the Nordic race as were the earlier ones
who came of their own impulse to improve their
social conditions. The transportation lines adver-
tised America as a land flowing with milk and
honey and the European governments took the
opportunity to unload upon careless, wealthy and
hospitable America the sweepings of their jails antf
asylums. The result was that the new immigra-
tion, while it still included many strong elements
from the north of Europe, contained a large and
increasing number of the weak, the broken and the
mentally crippled of all races drawn from the low-
est stratum of the Mediterranean basin and the
Balkans, together with hordes of the wretched, sub-
merged populations of the Polish Ghettos. Our
jails, insane asylums and almshouses are filled with
this human flotsam and the whole tone of Amer-

90 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

ican life, social, moral and political has been
lowered and vulgarized by them.

With a pathetic and fatuous belief in the efficacy
of American institutions and environment to re-
verse or obliterate immemorial hereditary tenden-
cies, these newcomers were welcomed and given
a share in our land and prosperity. The Ameri-
can taxed himself to sanitate and educate these
poor helots and as soon as they could speak
English, encouraged them to enter into the po-
litical life, first of municipalities and then of the
nation.

The native Americans are splendid raw material,
but have as yet only an imperfectly developed
national consciousness. They lack the instinct
of self-preservation in a racial sense. Unless such
an instinct develops their race will perish, as do all
organisms which disregard this primary law of
nature. Nature had granted to the Americans
of a century ago the greatest opportunity in re-
corded history to produce in the isolation of a con-
tinent a powerful and racially homogeneous people
and had provided for the experiment a pure race
of one of the most gifted and vigorous stocks on
earth, a stock free from the diseases, physical and
moral, which have again and again sapped the
vigor of the older lands. Our grandfathers threw
away this opportunity in the blissful ignorance of
national childhood and inexperience.

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 91

The result of unlimited immigration is showing
plainly in the rapid decline in the birth rate of
native Americans because the poorer classes of
Colonial stock, where they still exist, will not bring
children into the world to compete in the labor mar-
ket with the Slovak, the Italian, the Syrian and the
Jew. The native American is too proud to mix
socially with them and is gradually withdrawing
from the scene, abandoning to these aliens the
land which he conquered and developed. The
man of the old stock is being crowded out of many
country districts by these foreigners just as he is
to-day being literally driven off the streets of New
York City by the swarms of Polish Jews. These
immigrants adopt the language of the native Amer-
ican, they wear his clothes, they steal his name
and they are beginning to take his women, but they
seldom adopt his religion or understand his ideals
and while he is being elbowed out of his own home
the American looks calmly abroad and urges on
others the suicidal ethics which are exterminating
his own race.

When the test of actual battle comes, it will, of
course, be the native American who will do the
fighting and suffer the losses. With him will
stand the immigrants of Nordic blood, but there
will be numbers of these foreigners in the large
cities who will prove to be physically unfit for mili-
tary duty.

92 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

As to what the future mixture will be it is evi-
dent that in large sections of the country the na-
tive American will entirely disappear. He will not
intermarry with inferior races and he cannot com-
pete in the sweat shop and in the street trench with
the newcomers. Large cities from the days of
Rome, Alexandria, and Byzantium have always
been gathering points of diverse races, but New
York is becoming a cloaca gentium which will pro-
duce many amazing racial hybrids and some ethnic
horrors that will be beyond the powers of future
anthropologists to unravel.

One thing is certain: in any such mixture, the
surviving traits will be determined by competition
between the lowest and most primitive elements
and the specialized traits of Nordic man; his
stature, his light colored eyes, his fair skin and
light colored hair, his straight nose and his splendid
fighting and moral qualities, will have little part in
the resultant mixture.

The "survival of the fittest" means the survival
of the type best adapted to existing conditions of
environment, which to-day are the tenement and
factory, as in Colonial times they were the clear-
ing of forests, fighting Indians, farming the fields
and sailing the Seven Seas. From the point of
view of race it were better described as the "sur-
vival of the unfit."

This review of the colonies of Europe would be

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 93

discouraging were it not for the fact that thus far
little attention has been paid to the suitability of
a new country for the particular colonists who
migrate there. The process of sending out colonists
is as old as mankind itself and probably in the last
analysis most of the chief races of the world, cer-
tainly most of the inhabitants of Europe, represent
the descendants of successful colonists.

Success in colonization depends on the selection
of new lands and climatic conditions in harmony
with the immemorial requirements of the incoming
race. The adjustment of each race to its own pecu-
liar habitat is based on thousands of years of rigid
selection which cannot be safely ignored. A cer-
tain isolation and freedom from competition with
other races, for some centuries at least, is also im-
portant, so that the colonists may become habitu-
ated to their new surroundings.

The Americans have not been on the continent
long enough to acquire this adjustment and con-
sequently do not present as effective a resistance
to competition with immigrants as did, let us say,
the Italians when overrun by northern barbarians.
As soon as a group of men migrate to new surround-
ings, climatic, social or industrial, a new form of
selection arises and those not fitted to the new
conditions die off at a greater rate than in their
original home. This form of differential selection
plays a large part in modern industrial centres

94 RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY

and in large cities, where unsanitary conditions
bear more heavily on the children of Nordics than
on those of Alpines or Mediterraneans.

PART II
EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

EOLITHIC MAN

Before considering the living populations of
Europe we must give consideration to the extinct
peoples that preceded them.

The science of anthropology is very recent — in
its present form less than fifty years old — but it has
already revolutionized our knowledge of the past
and extended prehistory so that it is now measured
not by thousands but by tens of thousands of
years.

The history of man prior to the period of metals
has been divided into ten or more subdivisions,
many of them longer than the time covered by
written records. Man has struggled up through
the ages, to revert again and again into sav-
agery and barbarism but apparently retaining each
time something gained by the travail of his an-
cestors.

So long as there is in the world a freely breeding
stock or race that has in it an inherent capacity for
development and growth, mankind will continue
to ascend until, possibly through the selection arid
regulation of breeding as intelligently applied as

98 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

in the case of domestic animals, it will control its
own destiny and attain moral heights as yet un-
imagined.

The impulse upward, however, is supplied by a
very small number of nations and by a very small
proportion of the population in such nations. The
section of any community that produces leaders or
genius of any sort is only a minute percentage.
To utilize and adapt to human needs the forces and
the raw materials of nature, to invent new proc-
esses, to establish new principles, and to elucidate
and unravel the laws that control the universe call
for genius. To imitate or to adopt what others
have invented is not genius but mimicry.

This something which we call "genius" is not a
matter of family, but of stock or strain, and is in-
herited in precisely the same manner as are the
purely physical characters. It may be latent
through several generations of obscurity and then
flare up when the opportunity comes. Of this we
have many examples in America. This is what
education or opportunity does for a community; it
permits in these rare cases fair play for develop-
ment, but it is race, always race, that produces
genius. An individual of inferior type or race
may profit greatly by good environment. On the
other hand, a member of a superior race in bad
surroundings may, and very often does, sink to an
extremely low level. While emphasizing the im-

EOLITHIC MAN 99

portance of race, it must not be forgotten that
environment, while it does not alter the potential
capacity of the stock, can perform miracles in the
development of the individual.

This genius producing type is slow breeding and
there is real danger of its loss to mankind. Some
idea of the value of these small strains can be
gained from the recent statistics which demonstrate
that Massachusetts produces more than fifty times
as much genius per hundred thousand whites as does
Georgia, Alabama or Mississippi, although appar-
ently the race, religion and environment, other than
climatic conditions, are much the same, except for
the numbing presence in the South of a large sta-
tionary Negro population.

The more thorough the study of European pre-
history becomes, the more we realize how many
advances of culture have been made and then lost.
Our parents were accustomed to regard the over-
throw of ancient -civilization in the Dark Ages as
the greatest catastrophe of mankind, but we now
know that the classic period of Greece was pre-
ceded by similar dark ages caused by the Dorian
invasions, that had overthrown the Homeric-Myce-
naean culture, which in its turn had flourished
after the destruction of its parent, the brilliant
Minoan culture of Crete. Still earlier, some twelve
thousand years ago, the Azilian Period of poverty
and retrogression succeeded the wonderful achieve-

ioo EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

ments of the hunter-artists of the Upper Paleo-
lithic.

The progress of civilization becomes evident only
when immense periods are studied and compared,
but the lesson is always the same, namely, that
race is everything. Without race there can be
nothing except the slave wearing his master's
clothes, stealing his master's proud name, adopt-
ing his master's tongue and living in the crumbling
ruins of his master's palace. Everywhere on the
sites of ancient civilizations the Turk, the Kurd
and the Bedouin camp; and Americans may well
pause and consider the fate of this country which
they, and they alone, founded and nourished with
their blood. The immigrant ditch diggers and the
railroad navvies were to our fathers what their
slaves were to the Romans and the same transfer
of political power from master to servant is taking
place to-day.

Man's place of origin was undoubtedly Asia.
Europe is only a peninsula of the Eurasiatic conti-
nent and although the extent of its land area
during the Pleistocene was much greater than
at present, it is certain from the distribution of
the various species of man, that the main races
evolved in Asia, probably north of the great Hima-
layan range long before the centre of that con-
tinent was reduced to a series of deserts by pro-
gressive desiccation.

EOLITHIC MAN 101

The evidence based on man's relatively large
bulk, on the lack of the development of his fore
limbs and particularly on his highly specialized
foot structure all indicate that he has not been
arboreal for a vast period of time, probably not
since the end of the Miocene. The change of
habitat from the trees to the ground may have been
caused by a profound modification of climate,
from moist to dry or from warm to cold, which
in turn may have affected the food supply and com-
pelled a more carnivorous diet.

Evidence of the location of the early evolution
of man in Asia and in the geologically recent sub-
merged area toward the southeast is afforded by
the fossil deposits in the Siwalik hills of northern
India; where the remains of primates have been
found which were either ancestral or closely re-
lated to the four genera of living anthropoids and
where we may confidently look for remains of
the earliest human forms; and by the discovery in
Java, which in Pliocene times was connected with
the mainland over what is now the South China
Sea, of the earliest known form of erect primate,
the Pithecanthropus. This apelike man is prac-
tically the "missing link," being intermediate be-
tween man and the anthropoids and is generally
believed to have been contemporary with the Gtinz
glaciation of some 500,000 years ago, the first of
the four great glacial advances in Europe.

102 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

One or two species of anthropoid apes have
been discovered in the Miocene of Europe which
may possibly have been remotely related to the
ancestors of man but when the archaeological ex-
ploration of Asia shall be as complete and inten-
sive as that of Europe it is probable that more
forms of fossil anthropoids and new species of man
will be found there.

Man existed in Europe during the second and
third interglacial periods, if not earlier. We have
his artifacts in the form of eoliths, at least as early
as the second interglacial stage, the Mindel-Riss,
of some 300,000 years ago. A single jaw found near
Heidelberg is referred to this period and is the
earliest skeletal evidence of man in Europe. From
certain remarkable characters in this jaw, it has been
assigned to a new species, Homo heidelbergensis.

Then follows a long period showing only scanty
industrial relics and no known skeletal remains.
Man was slowly and painfully struggling up from a
culture phase where chance flints served his tem-
porary purpose. This period, known as the Eo-
lithic, was succeeded by a stage of human develop-
ment where slight chipping and retouching of flints
for his increasing needs led, after vast intervals of
time, to the deliberate manufacture of tools. This
Eolithic Period is necessarily extremely hazy and
uncertain. Whether or not certain chipped or
broken flints, called eoliths or dawn stones, were

EOLITHIC MAN 103

actually human artifacts or were the products of
natural forces is, however, immaterial for man must
have passed through such an eolithic stage.

The further back we go toward the commence-
ment of this Eolithic culture, the more unrecogniza-
ble the flints necessarily become until they finally
cannot be distinguished from natural stone frag-
ments. At the beginning, the earliest man merely
picked up a convenient stone, used it once and
flung it away, precisely as an anthropoid ape would
act to-day if he wanted to break the shell of a tor-
toise or crack an ostrich egg.

Man must have experienced the following phases
of development in the transition from the prehu-
man to the human stage: first, the utilization of
chance stones and sticks; second, the casual adap-
tation of flints by a minimum amount of chipping;
third, the deliberate manufacture of the simplest
implements from flint nodules; and fourth, the in-
vention of new forms of weapons and tools in ever
increasing variety.

Of the last two stages we have an extensive and
clear record. Of the second stage we have in the
eoliths intermediate forms ranging from flints that
are evidently results of natural causes to flints that
are clearly artifacts. The first and earliest stage,
of course, could leave behind it no definite record
and must in the present state of our knowledge rest
on hypothesis.

PALEOLITHIC MAN

With the deliberate manufacture of implements
from flint nodules, we enter the beginning of Paleo-
lithic time and from here on our way is relatively
clear. The successive stages of the Paleolithic were
of great length but are each characterized by some
improvement in the manufacture of tools. Dur-
ing long ages man was merely a tool making and
tool using animal and, after all is said, that is
about as good a definition as we can find to-day
for the primate we call human.

The Paleolithic Period or Old Stone Age lasted
from the somewhat indefinite termination of the
Eolithic, some 150,000 years ago, to the Neo-
lithic or New Stone Age, which began about 7000
B. C.

The Paleolithic falls naturally into three great
subdivisions. The Lower Paleolithic includes the
whole of the last interglacial stage with the sub-
divisions of the Pre-Chellean, Chellean and Acheu-
lean; the Middle Paleolithic covers the whole of
the last glaciation and is co-extensive with the

Mousterian Period and the dominance of the Nean-

104

PALEOLITHIC MAN 105

derthal species of man.* The Upper Paleolithic
embraces all the postglacial stages down to the
Neolithic and includes the subdivisions of the
Aurignacian, Solutrean, Magdalenian and Azilian.
During the entire Upper Paleolithic, except the short
closing phase, the Cro-Magnon race flourished.

It is not until after the third severe period of
great cold, known as the Riss glaciation, nor until
we enter, some 150,000 years ago, the third and
last interglacial stage of temperate climate, known
as the Riss-Wurm, that we find a definite and as-
cending series of culture. The Pre-Chellean, Chel-
lean and Acheulean divisions of the Lower Paleo-
lithic occupied the whole of this warm or rather
temperate interglacial phase, which lasted nearly
100,000 years.

A shattered skull, a jaw and some teeth have
been discovered recently in Sussex, England. These
remains were attributed to the same individual,
who was named the Piltdown Man. Owing to the
extraordinary thickness of the skull and the simian
character of the jaw, a new genus, Eoanthropus,
the "dawn man," was created and assigned to
Pre-Chellean times. Some of the tentative resto-
rations of the fragmentary bones make this skull
altogether too modern and too capacious for a Pre-
Chellean or even a Chellean.

* The Middle Paleolithic Period is suggested here for the first time.
— Editor's Nots.

106 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Further study and comparison with the jaws
of other primates also indicate that the jaw
belonged to a chimpanzee so that the genus
Eoanthropus must now be abandoned and the Pilt-
down Man must be included in the genus Homo
as at present constituted.

In any event the Piltdown Man is highly aberrant
and, so far as our present knowledge goes, does not
appear to be related to any other species of man
found during the Lower Paleolithic. Future dis-
coveries of the Piltdown type and for that matter
of Heidelberg Man may, however, raise either or
both of them to generic rank.

In later Acheulean times a new human species,
very likely descended from the early Heidelberg
Man of Eolithic times, appears on the scene and is
known as the Neanderthal race. Many fossil re-
mains of this type have been found.

The Neanderthaloids occupied the European
stage exclusively, with the possible exception of
the Piltdown Man, from the first appearance of
man in Europe to the end of the Middle Paleo-
lithic. The Neanderthals nourished throughout
the entire duration of the last glacial advance
known as the Wiirm glaciation. This period,
known as the Mousterian, began about 50,000
years ago and lasted some 25,000 years.

The Neanderthal species disappears suddenly
and completely with the advent of postglacial times,

PALEOLITHIC MAN 107

when, about 25,000 years ago, it was apparently
supplanted or exterminated by a new and far
higher race, the famous Cro-Magnons.

There may well have been during Mousterian
times races of man in Europe other than the Ne-
anderthaloids, but of them we have no record.
Among the numerous remains of Neanderthals,
however, we do find traces of distinct types show-
ing that this race in Europe was undergoing evo-
lution and was developing marked variations in
characters.

Neanderthal Man was an almost purely meat
eating hunter, living in caves or rather in their en-
trances. He was dolichocephalic and not unlike
existing Australoids, although not necessarily of
black skin and was, of course, in no sense a Negro.

The skull was characterized by heavy super-
orbital ridges, a low and receding forehead, protrud-
ing and chinless under jaw and the posture was im-
perfectly erect. This race was widely spread and
rather numerous. Some of its blood may have
trickled down to the present time and occasionally
one sees a skull apparently of the Neanderthal
type. The best skull of this type ever seen by the
writer belonged to a very intellectual professor in
London, who was quite unconscious of his value as
a museum specimen. In the old black breed of
Scotland the overhanging brows and deep-set eyes
are suggestive of this race.

108 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Along with other ancient and primitive racial
remnants, ferocious gorilla-like living specimens
of Paleolithic man are found not infrequently on
the west coast of Ireland and are easily recog-
nized by the great upper lip, bridgeless nose, bee-
tling brow with low growing hair and wild and
savage aspect. The proportions of the skull which
give rise to this large upper lip, the low forehead
and the superorbital ridges are certainly Neander-
thal characters. The other traits of this Irish type
are common to many primitive races. This is the
Irishman of caricature and the type was very fre-
quent in America when the first Irish immigrants
came in 1846 and the following years. It seems,
however, to have almost disappeared in this coun-
try. If, as it is claimed, the Neanderthals have
left no trace of their blood in living populations,
these Firbolgs are derived from some very ancient
and primitive race as yet undescribed.

In the Upper Paleolithic, which began after the
close of the fourth and last glaciation, about 25,000
years ago, the Neanderthal race was succeeded by
men of very modern aspect, known as Cro-Mag-
nons. The date of the beginning of the Upper
Paleolithic is the first we can fix with accuracy and
its correctness can be relied on within narrow limits.
The Cro-Magnon race first appears in the Aurigna-
cian subdivision of the Upper Paleolithic. Like the
Neanderthals, they were dolichocephalic but with

PALEOLITHIC MAN 109

a cranial capacity superior to the average in exist-
ing European populations and a stature of very re-
markable size.

It is quite astonishing to find that the predomi- 4
nant race in Europe 25,000 years ago, or more,
was not only much taller, but had an absolute
cranial capacity in excess of the average of the
present population. The low cranial average of
existing populations in Europe can be best ex-
plained by the presence of large numbers of indi-
viduals of inferior mentality. These defectives
have been carefully preserved by modern charity,
whereas in the savage state of society the back-
ward members were allowed to perish and the race
was carried on by the vigorous and not by the
weaklings.

The high brain capacity of the Cro-Magnons is
paralleled by that of the ancient Greeks, who in a
single century .gave to the world out of their small
population much more genius than all the other
races of mankind have since succeeded in produc-
ing in a similar length of time. Attica between
530 and 430 B. C. had an average population of
about 90,000 freemen, and yet from this number
were born no less than fourteen geniuses of the
very highest rank. This would indicate a general
intellectual status as much above that of the
Anglo-Saxons as the latter are above the Negroes.
The existence at these early dates of a very high

no EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

cranial capacity and its later decline shows that
there is no upward tendency inherent in mankind
of sufficient strength to overcome obstacles placed
in its way by stupid social customs.

All historians are familiar with the phenomenon
of a rise and decline in civilization such as has oc-
curred time and again in the history of the world
but we have here in the disappearance of the Cro-
Magnon race the earliest example of the replace-
ment of a very superior race by an inferior one.
There is great danger of a similar replacement of a
higher by a lower type here in America unless the
native American uses his superior intelligence to
protect himself and his children from competition
with intrusive peoples drained from the lowest
races of eastern Europe and western Asia.

While the skull of the Cro-Magnon was long, the
cheek bones were very broad and this combina-
tion of broad face with long skull constitutes a
peculiar disharmonic type which occurs to-day only
among the very highly specialized Esquimaux and
one or two other unimportant groups.

Skulls of this particular type, however, are found
in small numbers among existing populations in
central France, precisely in the district where the
fossil remains of this race were first discovered.
These isolated Frenchmen probably represent the
last lingering remnant of this splendid race of hunt-
ing savages.

PALEOLITHIC MAN in

The Cro-Magnon culture is found around the
basin of the Mediterranean, and this fact, together
with the conspicuous absence in eastern Europe of
its earliest phases, the lower Aurignacian, indicates
that it entered Europe by way of north Africa,
as its successors, the Mediterranean race, probably
did in Neolithic times. There is little doubt
that the Cro-Magnons originally developed in Asia
and were in their highest stage of physical devel-
opment at the time of their first appearance in
Europe. Whatever change took place in their
stature during their residence there seems to have
been in the nature of a decline rather than of a
further development.

There is nothing whatever of the Negroid in the
Cro-Magnons and they are not in any way related
to the Neanderthals, who represent a distinct and,
save for the suggestions made above, an extinct
species of man.

The Cro-Magnon race persisted through the en-
tire Upper Paleolithic, during the periods known
as the Aurignacian, Solutrean and Magdalenian,
from 25,000 to 10,000 B. C. While it is possible
that the blood of this race enters somewhat into
the composition of the peoples of western Europe,
its influence cannot be great and the Cro-Mag-
nons— the Nordics of their day — disappear from
view with the advent of the warmer climate of
recent times.

112 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

It has been suggested that, following the fading
ice edge north and eastward through Asia into
North America, they became the ancestors of the
Esquimaux but certain anatomical objections are
fatal to this interesting theory. No one, however,
who is familiar with the culture of the Esquimaux
and especially with their wonderful skill in bone
and ivory carving, can fail to be struck with the
similarity of their technique to that of the Cro-
Magnons.

To the Cro-Magnon race the world owes the birth
of art. Caverns and shelters are constantly un-
earthed in France and Spain, where the walls and
ceilings are covered with polychrome paintings or
with incised bas-reliefs of animals of the chase. A
few clay models, sometimes of the human form,
are also found, together with abundant remains of
their chipped but unpolished stone weapons and
tools. Certain facts stand out clearly, namely,
that they were purely hunters and clothed them-
selves in furs and skins. They knew nothing of
agriculture or of domestic animals, even the dog
being probably as yet untamed and the horse re-
garded merely as an object of chase.

The question of their knowledge of the principle
of the bow and arrow during the Aurignacian and
Solutrean is an open one but there are definite in-
dications of the use of the arrow, or at least the
barbed dart, in early Magdalenian times and this

PALEOLITHIC MAN 113

weapon was well known in the succeeding Azilian
Period.

The presence toward the end of this last period
of quantities of very small flints called micro-
liths has given rise to much controversy. It is
possible that some of these microliths represent the
tips of small poisoned arrows such as are now in
very general use among primitive hunting tribes
the world over. Certain grooves in some of the
flint weapons of the Upper Paleolithic may also
have been used for the reception of poison. It is
highly probable that the immediate predecessors of
the Azilians, the Cro-Magnons, perhaps the great-
est hunters that ever lived, not only used poisoned
darts but were adepts in trapping game by means
of pitfalls and snares, precisely as do some of the
hunting tribes of Africa to-day. Barbed arrow-
heads of flint or bone, such as were commonly used
by the North American Indians, have not been
found in Paleolithic deposits.

In the Solutrean Period the Cro-Magnons shared
Europe with a new race known as the Briinn-
Pfedmost, found in central Europe. This race
is characterized by a long face as well as a long
skull, and was, therefore, harmonic. This Briinn-
Pfedmost race appears to have been well settled
in the Danubian and Hungarian plains and this
location indicates an eastern rather than a southern
origin.

114 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Good anatomists have seen in this race the last
lingering traces of the Neanderthaloids but it is
more probable that we have here the first advance
wave of the primitive forerunners of one of the
modern European dolichocephalic races.

This new race was not artistic, but had great
skill in fashioning weapons and possibly is associ-
ated with the peculiarities of Solutrean culture and
the decline of art which characterizes that period.
The artistic impulse of the Cro-Magnons which
flourished so vigorously during the Aurignacian
seems to be quite suspended during this Solutrean
Period, but reappears in the succeeding Magdale-
nian times. This Magdalenian art is clearly the
direct descendant of Aurignacian models and in
this closing age of the Cro-Magnons all forms of
Paleolithic art, carving, engraving, painting and
the manufacture of weapons, reach their highest
and final culmination.

Nine or ten thousand years may be assigned to
the Aurignacian and Solutrean Periods and we
may with considerable certainty give the minimum
date of 16,000 B. C. as the beginning of Magda-
lenian time. Its entire duration can be safely set
down at 6,000 years, thus bringing the final termi-
nation of the Magdalenian to 10,000 B. C. All
these dates are extremely conservative and the
error, if any, is in assigning too late and not too
early a period to the end of Magdalenian times.

PALEOLITHIC MAN 115

At the close of the Magdalenian we enter upon
the last period of Paleolithic times, the Azilian,
which lasted from about 10,000 to 7,000 B. C, when
the Upper Paleolithic, the age of chipped flints,
definitely and finally ends in Europe. This period
takes its name from the Mas d'Azil, or "House of
Refuge," a huge cavern in the eastern Pyrenees
where the local Protestants took shelter during the
persecutions. The extensive deposits in this cave
are typical of the Azilian epoch and here certain
marked pebbles may be the earliest known traces
of symbolic writing, but true writing was probably
not developed until the late Neolithic.

With the advent of this Azilian Period art en-
tirely disappears and the splendid physical type of
the Cro-Magnons is succeeded by what appear to
have been degraded savages, who had lost the
force and vigor necessary for the strenuous chase
of large game and had turned to the easier life of
fishermen.

In the Azilian the bow and arrow are in common
use in Spain and it is well within the possibilities
that the introduction and development of this new
weapon from the South may have played its part
in the destruction of the Cro-Magnons; otherwise
it is hard to account for the disappearance of this
race of large stature and great brain power.

The Azilian, also called the Tardenoisian in the
north of France, was evidently a period of racial

n6 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

disturbance and at its close the beginnings of the
existing races are found.

From the first appearance of man in Europe
and for many tens of thousands of years down to
some ten or twelve thousand years ago all known
human remains are of dolichocephalic type.

In the Azilian Period appears the first round
skull race. It comes clearly from the East. Later
we shall find that this invasion of the forerun-
ners of the existing Alpine race came from south-
western Asia by way of the Iranian plateau,
Asia Minor, the Balkans and the valley of the
Danube, and spread over nearly all of Europe.
The earlier round skull invasions may as well have
been infiltrations as armed conquests since ap-
parently from that day to this the round skulls
have occupied the poorer mountain districts and
have seldom ventured down to the rich and fertile
plains.

This new brachycephalic race is known as the
Furfooz or Grenelle race, so called from the locali-
ties in Belgium and France where it was first dis-
covered. Members of this round skull race have
also been found at Of net in Bavaria where they
occur in association with a dolichocephalic race,
our first historic evidence of the mixture of con-
trasted races. The descendants of this Furfooz-
Grenelle race and of the succeeding waves of
invaders of the same brachycephalic type now

PALEOLITHIC MAN 117

occupy central Europe as Alpines and form the
predominant peasant type in central and eastern
Europe.

In this same Azilian Period there appear, com-
ing this time from the South, the first forerunners
of the Mediterranean race. The descendants of
this earliest wave of Mediterraneans and their later
reinforcements occupy all the coast and islands of
the Mediterranean and are spread widely over
western Europe. They can everywhere be identi-
fied by their short stature, slight build, long skull
and brunet hair and eyes.

While during this Azilian-Tardenoisian Period
these ancestors of two of the existing European
races are appearing in central and southern Europe,
a new culture phase, also distinctly Pre-Neolithic,
was developing along the shores of the Baltic. It
is known as Maglemose from its type locality in
Denmark. It is believed to be the work of the
first wave of the Nordic race which had followed
the retreating glaciers northward over the old land
connections between Denmark and Sweden to oc-
cupy the Scandinavian Peninsula. In the remains
of this culture we find definite evidence of the do-
mesticated dog.

With the appearance of the Mediterranean race
the Azilian-Tardenoisian draws to its close and with
it the entire Paleolithic Period. It is safe to assign
for the end of the Paleolithic and the beginning of

n8 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

the Neolithic or Polished Stone Age, the date of
7,000 or 8,000 B. C.

The races of the Paleolithic Period, so far as we
can judge from their remains, appear successively
on the scene with all their characters fully devel-
oped. The evolution of all these subspecies and
races took place somewhere in Asia or eastern
Europe. None of these races appear to be an-
cestral one to another, although the scanty re-
mains of the Heidelberg Man would indicate that
he may have given rise to the later Neanderthals.
Other than this possible affinity, the various races
of Paleolithic times are not related one to another.

Ill

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES

About 7,000 B. C. we enter an entirely new period
in the history of man, the Neolithic or New Stone
Age, when the flint implements were polished and
not merely chipped. Early as is this date in Euro-
pean culture, we are not far from the beginnings
of an elaborate civilization in parts of Asia and
Egypt. The earliest organized governments, so far
as our present knowledge goes, were Egypt and
Sumer. Chinese civilization at the other end of
Asia is later, but mystery still shrouds its origin and
its connection, if any, with the Mesopotamian
city-states. The solution probably lies in the cen-
tral region of the Syr Darya and future excavations
in those regions may uncover very early cultures.
Balkh, the ancient Bactra, the mother of cities, is
located where the trade routes between China,
India and Mesopotamia converged and it is in this
neighborhood that careful and thorough excava-
tions will probably find their greatest reward.

However, we are not dealing with Asia but with
Europe only and our knowledge is confined to the
fact that the various cultural advances at the end
of the Paleolithic and the beginning of the Neo-
lithic correspond with the arrival of new races.

119

120 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

The transition from the Paleolithic to the Neo-
lithic was formerly considered as revolutionary,
an abrupt change of both race and culture, but
a period more or less transitory, known as the
Campignian, now appears to bridge over this gap.
This is only what should be expected, since in
human archaeology as in geology the more de-
tailed our knowledge becomes the more gradu-
ally we find one period or horizon merges into
its successor.

For a long time after the opening of the Neo-
lithic the old-fashioned chipped weapons and im-
plements remain the predominant type and the
polished flints so characteristic of the Neolithic
appear at first only sporadically, then increase in
number until finally .they entirely replace the
rougher designs of the preceding Old Stone Age.

So in their turn these Neolithic polished stone
implements, which ultimately became both varied
and effective as weapons and tools, continued
in use long after metallurgy developed. In the
Bronze Period metal armor and weapons were
for ages of the greatest value. So they were nec-
essarily in the possession of the military and ruling
classes only, while the unfortunate serf or com-
mon soldier who followed his master to war did
the best he could with leather shield and stone
weapons. In the ring that clustered around
Harold for the last stand on Senlac Hill many

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES 121

of the English thanes died with their Saxon king,
armed solely with the stone battle-axes of their
ancestors.

In Italy also there was a long period known to
the Italian archaeologists as the Eneolithic Period
when good flint tools existed side by side with very
poor copper and bronze implements; so that, while
the Neolithic lasted in western Europe four or five
thousand years, it is, at its commencement, with-
out clear definition from the preceding Paleolithic
and at its end it merges gradually into the suc-
ceeding ages of metals.

After the opening Campignian phase there fol-
lowed a long period typical of the Neolithic, known
as the Robenhausian or Age of the Swiss Lake
Dwellers, which reached its height after 5000
B. C. The lake dwellings seem to have been the
work chiefly of the round skull Alpine races and
are found in numbers throughout the region of the
Alps and their foothills and along the valley of the
Danube.

These Robenhausian pile built villages were the
earliest known form of fixed habitation in Europe
and the culture found in association with them
was a great advance over that of the preceding
Paleolithic. This type of permanent habitation
flourished through the entire Upper Neolithic and
the succeeding Bronze Age. Pile villages end in
Switzerland with the first appearance of iron but

122 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

elsewhere, as on the upper Danube, they still ex-
isted in the days of Herodotus.

Pottery is found together with domesticated ani-
mals and agriculture, which appear during the Ro-
benhausian for the first time. The chase, supple-
mented by trapping and fishing, was still common
but it probably was more for clothing than for food.
A permanent site is not alone the basis of an agri-
cultural community, but it also involves at least a
partial abandonment of the chase, because only
nomads can follow the game in its seasonal migra-
tions and hunted animals soon leave the neighbor-
hood of settlements.

The Terramara Period of northern Italy was a
later phase of culture contemporaneous with the
Upper Robenhausian and was typical of the Bronze
Age. During the Terramara Period fortified and
moated stations in swamps or close to the banks of
rivers became the favorite resorts instead of pile
villages built in lakes. The first traces of copper
are found during this period. The earliest human
remains in the Terramara deposits are long skulled,
but round skulls soon appear in association with
bronze implements. This indicates an original
population of Mediterranean affinities overwhelmed
later by Alpines.

Neolithic culture also flourished in the north of
Europe and particular^ in Scandinavia now free
from ice. The coasts of the Baltic were appar-

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES 123

ently occupied for the first time at the very begin-
ning of this period, as no trace of Paleolithic indus-
try has been found there, other than the Maglemose,
which represents only the very latest phase of the
Old Stone Age. The kitchen middens, or refuse
heaps, of Sweden and more particularly of Denmark
date from the early Neolithic and thus are some-
what earlier than the lake dwellers. Rough pot-
tery occurs in them for the first time, but no traces
of agriculture have been found and, as said, the dog
seems to have been the only domesticated animal.

From these two centres, the Alps and the North,
an elaborate and variegated Neolithic culture spread
through western Europe and an autochthonous de-
velopment took place, comparatively little influ-
enced by trade intercourse with' Asia after the first
immigrations of the new races.

We may assume that the distribution of races in
Europe during the Neolithic was roughly as follows.

The Mediterranean basin and western Europe,
including Spain, Italy, Gaul, Britain and parts of
western Germany, were populated by Mediterra-
nean long heads. In Britain the Paleolithic popu-
lation must have been very small and the Neo-
lithic Mediterraneans were the first effectively to
open up the country. Even they kept to the open
moorlands and avoided the heavily wooded and
swampy valleys which to-day are the main centres
of population. Before metal and especially iron

124 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

tools were in use forests were an almost complete
barrier to the expansion of an agricultural popula-
tion.

The Alps and the territories immediately adja-
cent, with Central Gaul and much of the Balkans,
were inhabited by Alpine types. These Alpines
extended northward until they came in touch in
eastern Germany and Poland with the southern-
most Nordics, but as the Carpathians at a much
later date, namely, from the fourth to the eighth
century A. D., were the centre of radiation of the
Alpine Slavs, it is very possible that during the
Neolithic the early Nordics lay farther north and
east.

North of the Alpines and occupying the shores
of the Baltic and Scandinavia, together with east-
ern Germany, Poland and Russia, were located the
Nordics. At the very base of the Neolithic and
perhaps still earlier, this race occupied Scandinavia,
and Sweden became the nursery of what has been
generally called the Teutonic subdivision of the
Nordic race. It was in that country that the pe- /
culiar characters of stature and blondness became ( >J
most accentuated and it is there that we find them (
to-day in their greatest purity.

During the Neolithic the remnants of early
Paleolithic man must have been numerous, but
later they were either exterminated or absorbed by
the existing European races.

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES 125

During all this Neolithic Period Mesopotamia
and Egypt were thousands of years in advance of
Europe, but only a small amount of culture from
these sources seems to have trickled westward up
the valley of the Danube, then and long afterward
the main route of intercourse between western
Asia and the heart of Europe. Some trade also
passed from the Black Sea up the Russian rivers
to the Baltic coasts. Along these latter routes there
came from the north to the Mediterranean world
the amber of the Baltic, a fossil resin greatly prized
by early man for its magic electrical qualities.

Gold was probably the first metal to attract the *¥
attention of primitive man, but could only be used
for purposes of ornamentation. Copper, which is
often found in a pure state, was also one of the
earliest metals known and probably came first either
from the mines of Cyprus or of the Sinai Peninsula.
These latter mines are known to have been worked
before 3400 B. C. by systematic mining operations
and much earlier "the metal must have been ob-
tained by primitive methods from surface ore." It
is, therefore, probable that copper was known and
used, at first for ornament and later for imple-
ments, in Egypt before 4000 B. C. and possibly
even earlier in the Mesopotamian regions.

We now reach the confines of recorded history
and the first absolutely fixed date, 4241 B. C, is
established for lower Egypt by the oldest known

126 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

calendar. The earliest date as yet for Mesopotamia
is somewhat later, but these two countries supply
the basis of the chronology of the ancient world
until a few centuries before Christ.

With the use of copper the Neolithic fades to
its end and the Bronze Age commences soon there-
after. This next step in advance was made appar-
ently before 3000 B.C. when some unknown genius
discovered that an amalgam of nine parts of copper
to one part of tin would produce the metal we now
call bronze, which has a texture and hardness suit-
able for weapons and tools. The discovery revolu-
tionized the world. The new knowledge was a long
time spreading and weapons of this material were
of fabulous value, especially in countries where
there were no native mines and where spears and
swords could only be obtained through trade or
conquest. The esteem in which these bronze
weapons, and still more the later weapons of iron,
were held, is indicated by the innumerable legends
and myths concerning magic swords and armor,
the possession of which made the owner well-nigh
invulnerable and invincible.

The necessity of obtaining tin for this amalgam
led to the early voyages of the Phoenicians, who
from the cities of Tyre and Sidon and their daugh-
ter Carthage traversed the entire length of the
Mediterranean, founded colonies in Spain to work
the Spanish tin mines, passed the Pillars of Her-

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES 127

cules and finally voyaged through the stormy
Atlantic to the Cassiterides, the Tin Isles of Ultima
Thule. There, on the coasts of Cornwall, they
traded with the native British of kindred Mediter-
ranean race for the precious tin. These dangerous
and costly voyages become explicable only if the
value of this metal for the composition of bronze
be taken into consideration.

After these bronze weapons were elaborated in
Egypt the knowledge of their manufacture and
use was extended through conquest into Palestine,
and northward into Asia Minor.

The effect of the possession of these new weapons
on the Alpine populations of western Asia was
magical and resulted in an intensive and final ex-
pansion of round skulls into Europe. This inva-
sion came through Asia Minor, the Balkans and the
valley of the Danube, poured into Italy from the
north, introduced bronze among the earlier Alpine
lake dwellers of Switzerland and among the Medi-
terraneans of the Terramara stations of the valley
of the Po and at a later date reached as far west
as Britain and as far north as Holland and Nor-
way, where its traces are still to be found among
the living population.

The simultaneous appearance of bronze about
3000 or 2800 B. C. in the south as well as in the
north of Italy may possibly be attributed to a
lateral wave of this same invasion which, passing

128 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

through Egypt, where it left behind the so-called
Gizeh round skulls, reached Tunis and Sicily. In
southern Italy bronze may have been introduced
from Crete. With the first knowledge of metals be-
gins the Eneolithic Period of the Italians.

The close resemblance in design and technique
among the implements of the Bronze Age in widely
separated localities is so great that we can infer
a relatively simultaneous introduction.

With the introduction of bronze the custom of
incineration of the dead also appears and replaces
the typical Neolithic custom of inhumation.

The introduction of bronze into England and
into Scandinavia may be safely dated about one
thousand years later, after 1800 B. C. The fact
that the Alpines only barely reached Ireland in-
dicates that at this time that island was severed
from England and that the land connection be-
tween England and France had been broken. The
computation of the foregoing dates, of course, is
somewhat hypothetical, but the fixed fact remains
that this last expansion of the Alpines brought
the knowledge of bronze to western and northern
Europe and to the Mediterranean and Nordic peo-
ples living there.

The effect of the introduction of bronze in the
areas occupied chiefly by the Mediterranean race
along the Atlantic coast and in Britain, as well as
in north Africa from Tunis to Morocco, is seen
in the construction and in the wide distribution of

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES 129

the megalithic funeral monuments, which appear
to have been erected, not by Alpines but by the
dolichocephs. The occurrence of bronze tools and
weapons in the interments shows clearly that the
megaliths of the south of France date from the be-
ginning of the Bronze Age. The absence of bronze
from the dolmens of Brittany may indicate an ear-
lier age. It is, however, more likely that the open-
ing Bronze Age in the South was contemporary
with the late Neolithic in the North. The construc-
tion and use of these monuments continued at least
until the very earliest trace of iron appears and in
fact mound burials among the Vikings were com-
mon until the introduction of Christianity.

Although there is evidence of very early use of
iron in Egypt the knowledge of this metal as well
as of bronze in Europe centres around the area oc-
cupied by the Alpines in the eastern Alps and its
earliest phase is known as the Hallstatt culture,
from a little town in the Tyrol where it was first
discovered. This Hallstatt iron culture appeared
about 1500 B. C. The Alpine Hittites in northeast
Asia Minor were probably the first to mine and
smelt iron and they introduced it to the Alpines of
eastern Europe, but it was the Nordics who bene-y
fited by its use. Bronze weapons and the later iron
ones proved in the hands of these Northern bar-
barians to be of terrible effectiveness. With these
metal swords in their grasp, the Nordics conquered
the Alpines of central Europe and then suddenly

130 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

entered the ancient world as raiders and destroyers
of cities. The classic civilizations of the northern
coasts of the Mediterranean Sea fell, one after an-
other, before the "Furor Normanorum," just as
two thousand years later the provinces of Rome
were devastated by the last great flood of the Nor-
dics from beyond the Alps.

The first Nordics to appear in European history .y
are tribes speaking Aryan tongues in the form of
the various Celtic and related dialects in the West,
of Umbrian in Italy and of Thracian in the Bal-
kans. These barbarians, pouring down from the
North, swept with them large numbers of Alpines
whom they had already thoroughly Nordicized.
The process of conquering and assimilating the Al-
pines must have gone on for long centuries before
our first historic records and the work was so
thoroughly done that the very existence of this
Alpine race as a separate subspecies of man was
actually forgotten for many centuries by them-
selves and by the world at large until it was re-
vealed in our own day by the science of skull mea-
surements.

The Hallstatt iron culture did not extend into
western Europe and the smelting and extensive
use of this metal in southern Britain and north-
western Europe are of much later date and occur in
what is called the La Tene Period, usually assigned
to the fifth and fourth century B. C.

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES 131

Iron weapons were, however, known sporadically
in England much earlier, perhaps as far back as
800 B. C, but were very rare and were probably
importations from the Continent.

"Hallstatt relics have only been found in the
northeast or centre of France and it appears that
the Bronze Age continued in the remainder of that
country until about 700 B. C."

The spread of this La Tene culture is associated
with the Nordic Cymry, who constituted the last
wave of Celtic-speaking invaders into western Eu-
rope, while the earlier Nordic Gauls and Goidels
had arrived in Gaul and Britain equipped with
bronze only.

In Roman times, following the La Tene Period,
the main races of Europe occupied the relative
positions which they had held during the whole
Neolithic Period and which they hold to-day, with
the exception that the Nordic subspecies was less
extensively represented in western Europe than
when, a few hundred years later, the so-called Teu-
tonic tribes overran these countries; but on the
other hand, the Nordics occupied large areas in
eastern Germany, Hungary, Poland and Russia
now mainly occupied by the Slavs of Alpine race.

Many countries in central Europe were in Roman
times inhabited by fair haired, blue eyed barbarians,
where now the population is preponderantly brunet J
and becoming yearly more so.

132

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

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THE ALPINE RACE

The Alpine race is clearly of Eastern and Asiatic
origin. It forms the westernmost extension of a
widespread subspecies which, outside of Europe,
occupies Asia Minor, Iran, the Pamirs and the
Hindu Kush. In fact the western Himalayas were
probably its original centre of evolution and radia-
tion and among its Asiatic members is a distinct
subdivision, the Armenoids.

The Alpine race is distinguished by a round face
and correspondingly round skull which in the true
Armenians has a peculiar sugarloaf shape, a char-
acter which can be easily recognized. The Alpines
must not be confounded with the slit-eyed Mongols
who centre around Thibet and the steppes of north
Asia. The fact that both these races are round
skulled does not involve identity of origin any more
than the long skulls of the Nordics and of the Medi-
terraneans require that they be both considered of
the same subspecies, although good anthropologists
have been misled by this parallelism. The Al-
pines are of stocky build and moderately short
stature, except sometimes where they have been
crossed with Nordic elements. This race is also

134

THE ALPINE RACE 135

characterized by dark hair, except where there has
been a strong Nordic admixture as in south Ger-
many and Switzerland. In Europe at the present
time the eye, also, is usually dark but sometimes
grayish. The ancestral Proto-Alpines from the
highlands of western Asia must, of course, have had
brunet eyes and very dark, probably black, hair.
Whether we are justified in considering gray eyes
as peculiar to populations of mixed Alpine and
Nordic blood is difficult to determine, but one
thing is certain, the combination of blue eyes and
flaxen hair is never Alpine.

The European Alpines retain very little evidence
of their Asiatic origin except the skull shape and
have been in contact with the Nordic race so long
that in central and western Europe they are
everywhere saturated with the blood of that race.
Many populations now considered good Germans,
such as the majority of the Wurtembergers, Ba-
varians, Austrians, Swiss and Tyrolese are merely
Nordicized Alpines.

While the Swiss are to-day neither tall nor long
headed, their country was thoroughly conquered
early in the Christian era by the Nordic Alemanni
who entered from the Rhine Valley. The exodus
of soldiers from the forest cantons throughout the
Middle Ages to fight as mercenaries in France and
Italy gradually drained off this Nordic element
until the chief evidence of its former existence lies

136 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

to-day in the large amount of blondness among the
Swiss. With the loss of this type the nation has
ceased to be a military community.

The first appearance in Europe of the Alpines
dates from the Azilian Period when it is represented
by the Furfooz-Grenelle race. There were later
several invasions of this race which entered Europe
from the Asia Minor plateaux, by way of the Bal-
kans and the valley of the Danube, during Neolithic
times and, also, at the beginning of the Bronze
Age. It appears also to have passed north of the
Black Sea, as some slight traces have been dis-
covered there of round skulls which long antedate
the existing population but the Russian brachy-
cephaly of to-day is of much later origin and is due
mainly to the eastward spread of Alpines from the
regions of the Carpathians since the first centuries
of our era.

This race in its final expansion far to the north-
west ultimately reached Norway, Denmark and
Holland and planted among the dolichocephalic
natives small colonies of round skulls, which still
exist. These colonies are found along the coast
and while of small extent are clearly marked. On
the southwestern seaboard of Norway these round
heads are dark and relatively short.

When this invasion reached the extreme north-
west of Europe its energy was spent and the
invaders were soon forced back into central Eu-

THE ALPINE RACE 137

rope by the Nordics. The Alpines at this time of
maximum extension about 1800 B. C. crossed
into Britain and a few reached Ireland and intro-
duced bronze into both these islands. As the
metal appears about the same time in Sweden it
is safe to assume that it was introduced by this
invasion.

The men of the Round Barrows in England
were Alpines, but their numbers were so scanty
that they have left behind them in the skulls of
the living population but little demonstrable evi-
dence of their former presence. If we are ever able
accurately to analyze the various strains that en-
ter in more or less minute quantities into the blood
of the British nation, we shall find many traces of
these Round Barrow men as well as other interest-
ing and ancient remnants especially in the western
isles and peninsulas.

In the study of European populations the great
and fundamental fact about the British Isles is
the almost total absence there to-day of true Alpine
round skulls. It is the only important state in
Europe in which the round skulls play no part and
the only nation of any rank composed solely of
Nordic and Mediterranean races in approximately
equal numbers. To this fact are undoubtedly due
many of the individualities and much of the great-
ness of the English people.

The cephalic index in England is rather low,

138 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

about 78, but there is a type of tall men, with
a tendency to roundheadedness allied to a very
marked intellectual capacity, known as the "Beaker
Maker" type. They are probably descended from
the men of the Round Barrows, who while brachy-
cephalic were tall and presumably dark and
entered England on the east and northeast. The
Beaker Makers appear at the very end of the
Neolithic and, at least in the case of the last of
them to arrive, are identified with the Bronze
Age.

Before this tall, round headed type reached Brit-
ain, they had absorbed many Nordic elements
and they have nothing except the skull shape in
common with the Alpines living closest, those of
Belgium and France. However, they do suggest
strongly the Dinaric race of the Tyrol and Dalma-
tian coast of the Adriatic. In addition to the
Beaker Makers remains of short, thick-set brachy-
cephs have also been found in small numbers.
These last appear to have been true Alpines.

The invasion of central Europe by Alpines,
which occurred in the Neolithic, following in the
wake of the Azilian forerunners of the same type —
the Furfooz-Grenelle race — represented a very
great advance in culture. They brought with
them from Asia the art of domesticating animals
and the first knowledge of the cereals and of pot-
tery and were an agricultural race in sharp con-

THE ALPINE RACE 139

trast to the flesh eating hunters who preceded
them.

The Neolithic populations of the lake dwellings
in Switzerland and the extreme north of Italy, which
flourished about 5000 B. C, all belonged to this
Alpine race. A comparison of the scanty physical
remains of these lake dwellers with the inhabitants
of the existing villages on the lake shores demon-
strates that the skull shape has changed little or /
not at all during the last seven thousand years )
and affords us another proof of the persistency of '
physical characters.

This Alpine race in Europe is now so thoroughly
acclimated that it is no longer Asiatic in any__re-
^pect and has nothing in common with the Mon-
gols except its round skulls. Such Mongolian ele-
ments~alTexist to-day in scattered groups through-
out eastern Europe are remnants of the later
invasions of Tatar hordes which, beginning with
Attila in the fifth century, ravaged eastern Europe
for hundreds of years.

In western and central Europe the present dis-
tribution of the Alpine race is a substantial reces-
sion from its earlier extent and it has been every-
where conquered and subordinated by Celtic- and
Teutonic-speaking Nordics. Beginning with the
first appearance of the Celtic-speaking Nordics in
western Europe, the Alpine race has been obliged
to give ground but has mingled its blood every-

140 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

where with the conquerors and now after centuries
of obscurity it appears to be increasing again at the
expense of the .master race.

The Alpines reached Spain, as they reached
Britain, in small numbers and with spent force
but they still persist along the Cantabrian Alps as
well as among the French Basques on the northern
side of the Pyrenees.

The Anaryan Basque or Euskarian language
may be a derivative of the original speech of these
Alpines, as its affinities point eastward and toward
Asia rather than southward and toward the littoral
of Africa and the Hamitic speech of the Mediter-
ranean Berbers. Basque was probably related to
the extinct Aquitanian. The Ligurian language,
also seemingly Anaryan, if ever closely deciphered
may throw some light on the subject. There are
dim traces all along the north African coast of a
round skull invasion about 3000 B. C. through
Syria, Egypt, Tripoli and Tunis and from there
through Sicily to southern Italy.

The Alpine race forms to-day, as in Caesar's
time, the great bulk of the population of central
France with a Nordic aristocracy resting upon it.
They occupy as the lower classes the uplands of
Belgium, where, known as Walloons, they speak an
archaic French dialect closely related to the an-
cient langue d'oil. They form a majority of the
upland population of Alsace, Lorraine, Baden, Wiir-

THE ALPINE RACE 141

temberg, Bavaria, Tyrol, Switzerland and northern
Italy; in short, of the entire central massif of Eu-
rope. In Bavaria and the Tyrol the Alpines are
so thoroughly Nordicized that their true racial
affinities are betrayed by their round skulls alone.

When we reach Austria we come in contact with
the Slavic-speaking nations which form a subdi-
vision of the Alpine race appearing relatively late
in history and radiating from the Carpathian
Mountains. In western and central Europe in
relation to the Nordic race the Alpine is every-
where the ancient, underlying and submerged type.
The fertile lands, river valleys and cities are here in
the hands of the Nordics but in eastern Germany
and Poland we find conditions reversed. That is
an old Nordic broodland with a Nordic substratum
underlying the bulk of the peasantry, which now
consists of round skulled Alpine Slavs. On top of
these again we have an aristocratic upper class of
comparatively recent introduction and of Saxon
origin in eastern Germany. In Austria this upper
class is Swabian and Bavarian.

The introduction of Slavs into eastern Germany
is believed to have been by infiltration and not
by conquest. In the fourth century these Wends
were called Venethi, Antes and Sclaveni, and were
described as strong in numbers but despised in war.
Through the neglect of the Teutons they had been
allowed to range far and wide from their homes

142 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

near the northeastern Carpathians and to occupy
the lands formerly belonging to the Nordic nations,
who had abandoned their country and flocked into
the Roman Empire. Goth, Burgund, Lombard
and Vandal were replaced by the lowly Wend and
Sorb, whose descendants to-day form the privates
in the east German regiments, while the officers are
everywhere recruited from the Nordic upper class.
The mediaeval relation of these Slavic tribes to the
dominant Teuton is well expressed in the mean-
ing— slave — which has been attached to their name
in western languages.

The occupation of eastern Germany and Poland
by the Slavs probably occurred from 400 A. D. to
700 A. D. but these Alpine elements were rein-
forced from the east and south from time to time
during the succeeding centuries. Beginning early
in the tenth century, the Saxons under their Em-
perors, especially Henry the Fowler, turned their
attention eastward and during the next two cen-
turies they reconquered and thoroughly Germanized
all this section of Europe.

A similar series of changes in racial predominance
took place in Russia where in addition to a nobil-
ity largely Nordic a section of the population is of
ancient Nordic type, although the bulk of the peas-
antry consists of Alpine Slavs.

The Alpines in eastern Europe are represented
by various branches of the " Slavic" nations.

THE ALPINE RACE 143

Their area of distribution was split into two sections
by the occupation of the great Dacian plain first
by the Avars about 600 A. D. and later by the
Hungarians about 900 A. D. These Avars and
Magyars came from somewhere in eastern Russia
beyond the sphere of Aryan speech and their
invasions separated the northern Slavs, known as
Wends, Czechs, Slovaks, and Poles, from the
southern Slavs, known as Serbs and Croats. These
southern Slavs entered the Balkan Peninsula in the
sixth century from the northeast and to-day form
the great mass of the population there.

The centre of radiation of all these Slavic-speak-
ing Alpines was located in the Carpathians, espe-
cially the Ruthenian districts of Galicia and east-
ward to the neighborhood of the Pripet swamps
and the head- waters of the Dnieper in Polesia,
where the Slavic dialects are believed to have
developed and whence they spread throughout
Russia about the eighth century. These early
Slavs were probably the Sarmatians of the Greek
and Roman writers. Their name "Venethi" seems
to have been a later designation. The original
Proto-Slavic language being Aryan must have been
at some distant date imposed by Nordics upon the
Alpines, but its development into the present Slavic
tongues was chiefly the work of Alpines.

In other words, the expansion of the Alpines of
the Slavic-speaking group seems to have occurred

144 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

after the Fourth Century and they have spread
in the East over areas which were originally Nor-
dic, very much as the Teutons had previously
overrun and submerged the earlier Alpines in the
West. The Mongol, Tatar and Turk who invaded
Europe much later reinforced the brachy cephalic
element in these countries. To some extent the
round skulled Alpines in Russia have been rein-
forced by way of the Caucasus and the route
north of the Black Sea by their kindred in western
Asia. The greater part of the purely Asiatic types
has been thoroughly absorbed and Europeanized
except in certain localities in Russia more espe-
cially in the east and south, where Mongoloid tribes
such as the Mordvins, Bashkirs and Kalmucks
have maintained their type either in isolated
and relatively large groups or side by side with
their Slavic neighbors. In both cases the isola-
tion is maintained through religious and social
differences.

The Avars preceded the Magyars in Hungary,
but they have merged with the latter without
leaving traces that can be identified. Certain
Mongoloid characters found in Bulgaria are be-
lieved, however, to be of Avar origin.

The original physical type of the Magyars and
the European Turks has now practically vanished
as a result of prolonged intermarriage with the
original inhabitants of Hungary and the Balkans.

THE ALPINE RACE 145

These tribes have left little behind but their lan-
guage and, in the case of the Turks, their religion.
The brachycephalic Hungarians to-day resemble
the Austrian Germans much more than they do the
Slavic-speaking populations adjoining them on the
north and south or the Rumanians on the east.

Driven onward by the Avars, the Bulgars ap-
peared south of the Danube about the end of the
seventh century, coming originally from eastern
Russia where the remnants of their kindred still
persist along the Volga. To-day they conform
physically in the western half of the country to
the Alpine Serbs and in the eastern half to the
Mediterranean race, as do also the Rumanians of
the Black Sea coast.

Little or nothing remains of the ancestral Bul-
gars except their name. Language, religion and
nearly, but not quite all, of the physical type have
disappeared.

The early members of the Nordic race in order
to reach the Mediterranean world had to pass
through the Alpine populations and must have
absorbed a certain amount of Alpine blood. There-
fore the Umbrians in Italy and the Gauls of west-
ern Europe, while predominantly Nordic, were
more mixed especially in the lower classes with
Alpine blood than were the Belgae or Cymry or
their successors, the Goths, Vandals, Burgundians,
Alemanni, Saxons, Franks, Lombards, Danes and

146 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Northmen, all of whom appear in history as Nor-
dics of the so-called Teutonic group.

In some portions of their range notably Savoy
and central France the Alpine race is much less
affected by Nordic influence than elsewhere but on
the contrary it shows signs of a very ancient ad-
mixture with Mediterranean and even earlier ele-
ments. Brachy cephalic Alpine populations in com-
parative purity still exist in the interior of Brittany
as in Auvergne, although nearly surrounded by
Nordic populations.

While the Alpines were everywhere overwhelmed
and driven to the fastnesses of the mountains, the
warlike and restless nature of the Nordics has en-
abled the more stable Alpine population to reas-
sert itself slowly, and Europe is probably much less
Nordic to-day than it was fifteen hundred years
ago.

The early Alpines made very large contribu-
tions to the civilization of the world and were the
medium through which many advances in culture
were introduced from Asia into Europe. This
race at the time of its first appearance in the west
brought to the nomad hunters a knowledge of agri-
culture and of primitive pottery and of domestica-
tion of animals and thus made possible a great
increase in population and the establishment of
permanent settlements. Still later its final expan-
sion was the means through which the knowledge

THE ALPINE RACE 147

of metals reached the Mediterranean and Nordic
populations of the west and north. Upon the ap-
pearance on the scene of the Nordics the Alpine
race temporarily lost its identity and sank to the
subordinate and obscure position which it still
largely occupies.

In western Asia members of this race seemingly
are entitled to the honor of the earliest Mesopo-
tamian civilization of which we have knowledge,
namely, that of Sumer and its northerly neighbor
Accad in Mesopotamia. It is also the race of early
Elam and Media. In fact, the basis of Mesopo-
tamian civilization belongs to this race. Later
Babylonia and Assyria were Arabic and Semitic
while Persia was Nordic and Aryan.

In classic, mediaeval and modern times the Al-
pines have played an unimportant part in Euro-
pean culture and in western Europe they have
been so thoroughly Nordicized that they exist
rather as an element in Nordic race development
than as an independent type. There are, however,
many indications in current history which point to
an impending development of civilization in the
Slavic branches of this race and the world must
be prepared to face changes in the Russias which
will, for good or for evil, bring them more closely
into touch with western Europe.

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE

The Mediterranean subspecies formerly called
the Iberian is a relatively small, light boned, long
skulled race, of brunet coloring, becoming even
swarthy in certain portions of its range. Through-
out Neolithic times and possibly still earlier it
seems to have occupied, as it does to-day, all the
shores of the Mediterranean including the coast
of Africa from Morocco on the west to Egypt on
the east. The Mediterraneans are the western
members of a subspecies of man which forms a
substantial part of the population of Persia, Afghan-
istan, Baluchistan and Hindustan with perhaps a
southward extension into Ceylon.

The Aryanized Afghan and Hindu of northern
India speak languages derived from Old Sanskrit
and are distantly related to the Mediterranean race.
Aside from a common dolichocephaly these peoples
are entirely distinct from the Dra vidians of south
India whose speech is agglutinative and who show
strong evidence of profound mixture with the an-
cient Negrito substratum of southern Asia.

Everywhere throughout the Asiatic portion of

its range the Mediterranean race overlies an even

148

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE 149

more ancient Negroid race. These Negroids still
have representatives among the Pre-Dra vidians of
India, the Veddahs of Ceylon, the Sakai of the
Malay Peninsula and the natives of the Andaman
Islands.

This Mediterranean subspecies at the close of
the Paleolithic spread from the basin of the Inland
Sea northward by way of Spain throughout west-
ernmost Europe including the British Isles and,
before the final expansion of the Alpines, was widely
distributed up to and, possibly, touching the domain
of the Nordic dolichocephs. The Mediterraneans
did not cross the Alps from the south but spread
around the mountains. In attaining to Britain
from Spain by way of Central France it is probable
that they swept with them Paleolithic remnants
from the ancient centre of population in the Au-
vergne district.

In all this vast range from the British Isles to
Hindustan, it is not to be supposed that there is
absolute identity of race. Certain portions, how-
ever, of the populations of the countries through-
out this long stretch do show in their physique
clear indications of descent from a Neolithic race
of a common original type, which we may call
Pro to- Mediterranean.

Quite apart from inevitable admixture with late
Nordic and early Paleolithic elements, the bru-
net type of Englishman has had perhaps ten

150 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

thousand years of independent evolution during
which he has undergone selection due to the cli-
matic and physical conditions of his northern habi-
tat. The result is that he has specialized far away
from the Proto-Mediterranean race which contrib-
uted his blood originally to Britain while it was,
probably, still part of continental Europe.

At the other end of their range in India this
race, the Mediterraneans, have been crossed with
Dravidians and with Pre-Dravidian Negroids.
They have also had imposed upon them other
ethnic elements which came over through the Af-
ghan passes from the northwest. The resultant
racial mixture in India has had its own line of
specialization. Residence in the fertile but un-
healthy river bottoms, the direct rays of a tropic
sun and competition with the immemorial autoch-
thones have unsparingly weeded generation after
generation until the existing Hindu has little in
common with the ancestral Proto-Mediterranean.

It is to the Mediterranean race in the British
Isles that the English, Scotch and Americans
owe whatever brunet characters they possess. In
western Europe, wherever it exists, it appears to
underlie the Alpine race and, in fact, wherever this
race is in contact with either the Alpines or the
Nordics it would seem to represent the more ancient
stratum of the population.

So far as we know this Mediterranean type never

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE 151

existed in Scandinavia and all brunet elements
found there can be attributed to introductions in
the Bronze Age or in historic times. Nor did the
Mediterranean race ever enter or cross the high
Alps as did the Nordics at a much later date on
their way to the Mediterranean basin from the
Baltic coasts.

The Mediterranean race with its Asiatic exten-
sions is bordered everywhere on the north of its
enormous range from Spain to India by round
skulls but there does not seem to be as much evi-
dence of mixture between these two subspecies of
man as there is between the Alpines and the Nor-
dics.

Along its southern boundary the Mediterraneans
are in contact with either the long skulled Negroes
of Africa or the ancient Negrito population of
southern Asia. In Africa this race has drifted
southward over the Sahara and up the Nile Valley
and has modified the blood of the Negroes in both
the Senegambian and equatorial regions.

Beyond these mixtures of blood, there is abso-
lutely no relationship between the Mediterranean
race and the Negroes. The fact that the Mediter-
ranean race is long skulled as well as the Negro
does not indicate relationship as has been suggested.
An overemphasis of the importance of the skull
shape as a somatological character can easily
mislead and characters other than skull propor-

152 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

tions must be carefully considered in determining
race.

From a zoological point of view Africa north of
the Sahara is now and has been since early Terti-
ary times a part of Europe. This is true both of
animals and of the races of man. The Berbers of
north Africa to-day are racially identical with the
Spaniards and south Italians while the ancient
Egyptians and their modern descendants, the fel-
laheen, are merely well marked varieties of this
Mediterranean race.

The Egyptians fade off toward the west into
the so-called Hamitic peoples (to use an obsolete
name) of Libya, and toward the south the infusion
of Negro blood becomes increasingly great until
we finally reach the pure Negro. On the east in
Arabia we find an ancient and highly specialized
subdivision of the Mediterranean race, which has
from time out of mind crossed the Red Sea and
infused its blood into the Negroes of east Africa.

To-day the Mediterranean race forms in Europe
a substantial part of the population of the British
Isles, the great bulk of the population of the Ibe-
rian Peninsula, nearly one-third of the population
of France, Liguria, Italy south of the Apennines
and all the Mediterranean coasts and islands, in
some of which like Sardinia it exists in great pur-
ity. It forms the substratum of the population of
Greece and of the eastern coast of the Balkan Pen-

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE 153

insula. Everywhere in the interior of the Balkan
Peninsula, except in eastern Bulgaria and parts of
Rumania, it has been replaced by the South Slavs
and by the Albanians, the latter a mixture of the
ancient Illyrians and the Slavs.

In the British Isles the Mediterranean race rep-
resents the Pre-Nordic population and exists in
considerable numbers in Wales and in certain por-
tions of England, notably in the Fen districts to
the northeast of London. In Scotland it is far less
marked, but has left its brunetness as an indication
of its former prevalence and this dark hair and eye
color is very often associated with tall stature.

This is the race that gave the world the great
civilizations of Egypt, of Crete, of Phoenicia in-
cluding Carthage, of Etruria, of Mycenaean Greece,
of Assyria and much of Babylonia. It gave us,
when mixed and invigorated with Nordic elements,
which probably predominated in the upper and
ruling classes and imposed their guidance upon the
masses, the most splendid of all civilizations, that
of ancient Hellas, and the most'enduring of political
organizations, the Roman state.

To what extent the Mediterranean race entered
into the blood and civilization of Rome, it is now
difficult to say, but the traditions of the Eternal
City, its love of organization, of law and military
efficiency, as well as the Roman ideals of family
life, of loyalty and truth, point clearly to a north-

154 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

era rather than to a Mediterranean origin, although
there must have been some Alpine strains mixed in
with the Nordic element.

The struggles in early Rome between Latin and
Etruscan and the endless quarrels between patri-
cian and plebeian may have arisen from this ex-
istence in Rome, side by side, of two distinct and
clashing races, probably Nordic and Mediterranean
respectively. The Roman busts that have come
down to us often show features of a very Anglo-
Saxon cast but with a somewhat round head. The
Romans were short in stature in comparison with
the nations north of the Alps and in the recently
discovered battlefield of the Teutoburgian Forest
where Varus and his legions perished in the reign
of Augustus the skeletons of the Romans, identified
by their armor, were notably smaller and slighter
than were those of the German victors. The indi-
cations on the whole point to a Nordic aristocracy
in Rome with some Alpine elements. The Plebs,
on the other hand, was largely Mediterranean and
Oriental and finally in the last days of the Republic
ceased to contain any purely Roman blood.

The northern qualities of Rome are in sharp
contrast to the less European traits of the classic
Greeks, whose volatile and analytical spirit, lack
of cohesion, political incapacity and ready resort to
treason all point clearly to southern and eastern
affinities.

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE 155

While very ancient, located for probably ten
thousand years in western and southern Europe, and
even longer on the south shore of the Mediterranean,
nevertheless this subspecies cannot be called purely
European. Its occupation of the north coast of
Africa and the west coast of Europe can be traced
everywhere by its beautifully polished stone
weapons and tools. The megalithic monuments
also, which are found in association with this race,
may mark its line of advance in western Europe,
although they extend beyond the range of the
Mediterraneans into the domain of the Scandina-
vian Nordics. These huge stone structures were
chiefly sepulchral memorials and are very sugges-
tive of the Egyptian funeral monuments. They
date back to the first knowledge of the manufac-
ture and use of bronze tools by the Mediterranean
race. They occur in great numbers, size and vari-
ety along the north coast of Africa and up the
Atlantic seaboard through Spain, Brittany and
England to Scandinavia.

It is admitted that the various groups of the
Mediterranean race did not speak in the first in-
stance any form of Aryan tongue and we know
that these languages were introduced into the Medi-
terranean world by invaders from the north.

In Spain the language of the Nordic invaders
was Celtic and is believed to have nearly died out
by Roman times. Its remnants and the ancient

156 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

speech of the natives were in turn superseded,
along with the Phoenician spoken in some of the
southern coast towns, by the Latin of the con-
quering Roman. Latin mixed with some small
elements of Gothic construction and Arabic voca-
bulary forms to-day the basis of modern Portu-
guese, Castilian and Catalan.

The native Mediterranean race of the Iberian
Peninsula quickly absorbed the blood of these
Celtic-speaking Nordic Gauls, just as it later
diluted beyond recognition the vigorous physical
characters of the Nordic Vandals, Suevi and Visi-
goths. A certain amount of Nordic blood still
persists to-day in northern Spain, especially in
Galicia and along the Pyrenees, as well as gen-
erally among the upper classes. According to
classic writers there were light and dark types in
Spain in Roman times. The Romans left no evi-
dence of their domination except in their language
and religion; while the earlier Phoenicians on the
coasts and the later swarms of Moors and Arabs
all over the peninsula, but chiefly in the south,
were closely related by race to the native Ibe-
rians.

That portion of the Mediterranean race which
inhabits southern France occupies most of the
territory of ancient Languedoc and Provence and
it was these Provencals who developed and pre-
served during the Middle Ages the romantic civiliza-

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE 157

tion of the Albigensians, a survival of classic cul-
ture which was drowned in blood by a crusade from
the north in the thirteenth century.

In northern Italy only the coast of Liguria is
occupied by the Mediterranean race. In the val-
ley of the Po the Mediterraneans predominated
during the early Neolithic but with the intro-
duction of bronze the Alpines appear and round
skulls to this day prevail north of the Apennines.
About 1 100 B. C. the Nordic Umbrians and Oscans
swept over the Alps from the northeast, conquered
northern Italy and introduced their Aryan speech,
which gradually spread southward. The Umbrian
state was afterward overwhelmed by the Tyrrhen-
ians or Etruscans, who were of Mediterranean
race and who, by 800 B. C. had extended their
empire northward to the Alps and temporarily
checked the advance of the Nordics. In the sixth
century B. C. new swarms of Nordics, coming this
time from Gaul and speaking Celtic dialects, seized
the valley of the Po and in 382 B. C. these Gauls,
heavily reinforced from the north and under the
leadership of Brennus, stormed Rome and com-
pletely destroyed the Etruscan power. From that
time onward the valley of the Po became known as
Cisalpine Gaul. Mixed with other Nordic elements,
chiefly Gothic and Lombard, this population per-
sists to this day, and is the backbone of modern
Italy.

158 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

A continuation of this movement of these Gauls,
or Galatians as the Greek world called them, start-
ing from northern Italy occurred a century later
when these Nordics suddenly appeared before Del-
phi in Greece in 279 B. C. and then crossed into
Asia Minor and founded the state called Galatia,
which endured until Christian times.

South Italy until its conquest by Rome was
Magna Graecia and the population to-day retains
many Pelasgian Greek elements. It is among these
classic remnants that artists search for the hand-
somest specimens of the Mediterranean race. In
Sicily also the race is purely Mediterranean in spite
of the admixture of types coming from the neigh-
boring coasts of Tunis. These intrusive elements,
however, were all of kindred race. Traces of Al-
pines in these regions and on the adjoining African
coast are very scarce and wherever found may be
referred to the final wave of round skull invasion
which introduced bronze into Europe.

In Greece the Mediterranean Pelasgians speaking
a Non-Aryan tongue were conquered by the Nordic
Achaeans, who entered from the northeast accord-
ing to tradition prior to 1250 B. C. probably be-
tween 1400 and 1300 B. C. Doubtless there were
still earlier waves of these same Nordic invaders
as far back as 1700 B. C., which was a period of
general unrest and migration throughout the a*
cient world.

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE 159

The Nordic Achaeans and Mediterranean Pelas-
gians as yet unmixed stand out in clear contrast in
the Homeric account of the ten year siege of Troy,
which is generally assigned to the date of 11 94 to
1184B. C.

The same invasion that brought the Achaeans
into Greece brought a related Nordic people to
the coast of Asia Minor, known as Phrygians. Of
this race were the Trojan leaders.

Both the Trojans and the Greeks were com-
manded by huge blond princes, the heroes of Ho-
mer— in fact, even the Gods were fair haired —
while the bulk of the armies on both sides was com-
posed of little brunet Pelasgians, imperfectly armed
and remorselessly butchered by the leaders on
either side. The only common soldiers mentioned
by Homer as of the same race as the heroes were
the Myrmidons of Achilles.

About the time that the Achaeans and the Pe-
lasgians began to amalgamate, new hordes of Nor-
dic barbarians collectively called Hellenes entered
from the northern mountains and destroyed this
old Homeric-Mycenaean civilization. This Dorian
invasion took place a little before 1100 B. C. and
brought in the three main Nordic strains of Greece,
the Dorian, the ^Eolian and the Ionian groups,
which lemain more or less distinct and separate
throughout Greek history. Among these Nordics

160 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

the Dorians may have included some Alpine ele-
ments. It is more than probable that this invasion
or swarming of Nordics into Greece was part of
the same general racial upheaval that brought
the Umbrians and Oscans into Italy.

Long years of intense and bitter conflict follow
between the old population and the newcomers
and when the turmoil of this revolution settled
down classic Greece appears. What was left of
the Achaeans retired to the northern Peloponnesus
and the survivors of the early Pelasgian popula-
tion remained in Messenia serving as helots their
Spartan masters. The Greek colonies in Asia
Minor were founded largely by refugees fleeing
from these Dorian invaders.

The Pelasgian strain seems to have persisted
best in Attica and the Ionian states. The Dorian
Spartans appear to have retained more of the char-
acter of the northern barbarians than the Ionian
Greeks but the splendid civilization of Hellas was
due to a fusion of the two elements, the Achaean
and Hellene of Nordic and the Pelasgian of Medi-
terranean race.

The contrast between Dorian Sparta and Ionian
Athens, between the military efficiency, thorough
organization and sacrifice of the citizen for the
welfare of the state, which constituted the basis
of Lacedaemonian power, and the Attic brilliancy,
instability and extreme development of individual-

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE i6r

ism, is strikingly like the contrast between Prussia
with its Spartan-like culture and France with its
Athenian versatility.

To this mixture of races in classic Greece the
Mediterranean Pelasgians contributed their My-
cenaean culture and the Nordic Achaeans and Hel-
lenes contributed their Aryan language, fighting
efficiency and the European aspect of Greek life.

The first result of a crossing of two such con-
trasted subspecies as the Nordic and Mediterra-
nean races has repeatedly been a new outburst of
civilization. This occurs as soon as the older race
has imparted to the conquerors its culture and be-
fore the victors have allowed their blood to be at-
tenuated by mixture. This process seems to have
happened several times in Greece.

Later, in 338 B. C, when the original Nordic
blood had been hopelessly diluted by mixture with
the ancient Mediterranean elements, Hellas fell
an easy prey to Macedon. The troops of Philip
and Alexander were Nordic and represented the
uncultured but unmixed ancestral type of the
Achaeans and Hellenes. Their unimpaired righting
strength was irresistible as soon as it was organ-
ized into the Macedonian phalanx, whether directed
against their degenerate brother Greeks or against
the Persians, whose original Nordic elements had
also by this time practically disappeared. When
in its turn the pure Macedonian blood was im-

162 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

paired by intermixture with Asiatics, they, too,
vanished and even the royal Macedonian dynas-
ties in Asia and Egypt soon ceased to be Nordic
or Greek except in language and customs.

It is interesting to note that the Greek states
in which the Nordic element most predominated
outlived the other states. Athens fell before Sparta
and Thebes outlived them both. Macedon in
classic times was considered quite the most bar-
barous state in Hellas and was scarcely recognized
as forming part of Greece, but it was through the
military power of its armies and the genius of Alex-
ander that the Levant and western Asia became
Hellenized. Alexander with his Nordic features,
aquiline nose, fair skin, gently curling light hair
and mixed eyes, the left blue and the right very
black, typifies this Nordic conquest of the Near
East.

It is scarcely possible to-day to find in purity the
physical traits of the ancient race in the Greek-
speaking lands and islands and it is chiefly among
the pure Nordics of Anglo-Norman type that there
occur those smooth and regular classic features,
especially the brow and nose lines, that were the
delight of the sculptors of Hellas.

To what extent any of the blood of the ancient
Hellenes flows in the veins of the Greeks of to-day
is difficult to determine but it should be found,
if anywhere, in Crete and in the ^Egean Islands.

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE 163

The modern Greek is trying to purify his language
back to classic Ionian and to appropriate the
traditions of the mighty Past, but to do this some-
thing more is needed than the naming of children
after Agamemnon and Hecuba. Even in Roman
times, the ancient Greek of the classic period was
little more than a tradition and the term Graeculus
given to the contemporary Hellenes was one of
contempt.

Concerning the physical type of classic in con-
trast to Homeric Greece, we know that the Greeks
were predominantly long headed and of relatively
short stature in comparison with the northern bar-
barians. The modern Greeks are also relatively
short in stature, but are moderately round headed.
As to color these modern Greeks are substantially all
dark as to eye and hair, with a somewhat swarthy
skin.

Among Albanians and such Greeks as show blond
traits light eyes are more than ten times as numer-
ous as light hair. The Albanians are members of
the tall, round headed Dinaric race and have distant
relationship with the Nordics. They may possibly
represent an ancient cross between Nordics and Al-
pines and they constitute to-day a marked subdivi-
sion of the latter. They resemble the Round Bar-
row brachycephs who entered Britain just before
or at the opening of the Bronze Age and who are
still scantily represented among the living English

1 64 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

and Welsh. This type called the Beaker Maker or
Borreby type is characterized by a moderately
round head and great stature, strength and con-
siderable intellectual force. The Albanian or Di-
naric type was not, so far as we know, represented
in ancient Greece although some modern archaeolo-
gists have suggested that the Spartans were of
this type. We have as yet no evidence of the color,
size and skull shape of the Spartans, but we do
know that their Dorian ancestors claimed to have
come from or through the mountains of northern
Epirus (Albania). The Dorian dialects are also
said to be more closely related to modern Albanian
— which is derived from the ancient Illyrian — than
are the Ionian dialects. The Spartan character, if
that be any test of race, was heavy, slow and
steady, and would indicate northern rather than
Mediterranean antecedents.

Concerning modern Europe north of the Alps,
culture came from the south and not from the east
and to the Mediterranean subspecies is due the
foundation of our civilization. The ancient Medi-
terranean world was for the most part of this race;
the long-sustained civilization of Egypt, which en-
dured for thousands of years in almost uninter-
rupted sequence; the brilliant Minoan Empire of
Crete, which flourished between 3000 and 1200
B. C. and was the ancestor of the Mycenaean cul-
tures of Greece, Cyprus, Italy and Sardinia; the

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE 165

mysterious Empire of Etruria, the predecessor and
teacher of Rome; the Hellenic states and colonies
throughout the Mediterranean and Black Seas; the
maritime and mercantile power of Phoenicia and
its mighty colony, imperial Carthage; all were the
creation of this race. The sea empire of Crete,
when its royal palace at Cnossos was burned by the
'sea peoples' of the north, passed to Tyre, Sidon
and Carthage and from them to the Greeks. The
early development of the art of navigation is
to be attributed to this race and from them the
North centuries later learned its maritime archi-
tecture.

Even though the Mediterranean race has no
claim to the invention of the synthetic languages
and though it played a relatively small part in the
development of the civilization of the Middle
Ages or of modern times, nevertheless to it belongs
the chief credit of the classic civilization of Europe
in the sciences, art, poetry, literature and philoso-
phy, as well as the major part of the civilization of
Greece and a very large share in the Empire of
Rome.

In the Eastern Empire the Mediterraneans were
the predominant factor under the guise of Byzan-
tine Greeks. Owing to the fact that our histories
have been written under the influence of Roman
orthodoxy and because in the eyes of the Frank-
ish Crusaders the Byzantine Greeks were heretics,

1 66 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

they have been regarded by us as degenerate cow-
ards.

But throughout the Middle Ages Byzantium
represented in unbroken sequence the Empire of
Rome in the East and as the capital of that Em-
pire it held Mohammedan Asia in check for nearly
a thousand years. When at last in 1453 the im-
perial city deserted by western Christendom was
stormed by the Ottoman Turks and Constantine,
last of Roman Emperors, fell sword in hand there
was enacted one of the greatest tragedies of all
time.

With the fall of Constantinople the Empire of
Rome passes finally from the scene of history and
the development of civilization is transferred from
Mediterranean lands and from the Mediterranean
race to the North Sea and to the Nordic race.

THE NORDIC RACE

We have shown that the Mediterranean race
entered Europe from the south and forms part of
a great group of peoples extending into southern
Asia, that the Alpine race came from the east
through Asia Minor and the valley of the Danube
and that its present European distribution is merely
the westernmost point of an ethnic pyramid, the
base of which rests solidly on the round skulled
peoples of the great plateaux of central Asia.
Both of these races are, therefore, western exten-
sions of Asiatic subspecies and neither of them can
be considered as exclusively European.

With the remaining race, the Nordic, however,
the case is different. This is a purely European
type, in the sense that it has developed its physical
characters and its civilization within the confines
of that continent. It is, therefore, the Homo euro-
pceus, the white man par excellence. It is every-
where characterized by certain unique specializa-
tions, namely, wavy brown or blond hair and blue,
gray or light brown eyes, fair skin, high, narrow

and straight nose, which are associated with great

167

1 68 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

stature and a long skull, as well as with abundant
head and body hair.

A composite picture of this Nordic race and re-
markable examples of its best contemporary types
can be found in the English illustrated weeklies,
which are publishing during this great war the lists
and portraits of their officers who have fallen in
battle. No nation, not even England although
richly endowed with a Nordic gentry, can stand
the loss of so much good blood. Here is the evi-
dence, if such be needed, of the actual Passing of the
Great Race.

Abundance of hair is an ancient and gener-
alized character which the Nordics share with the
Alpines of both Europe and Asia, but the light col-
ored eyes and light colored hair are characters of
relatively recent specialization and consequently
highly unstable.

The pure Nordic race is at present clustered
around the shores of the Baltic and North Seas
from which it has spread west and south and
east fading off gradually into the two preceding
races.

The centre of its greatest purity is now in Swe-
den and there is no doubt that at first the Scan-
dinavian Peninsula and later, also, the immediately
adjoining shores of the Baltic were the centres of
radiation of the Teutonic or Scandinavian branch
of this race.

THE NORDIC RACE 169

The population of Scandinavia has been composed
of this Nordic subspecies from the commencement
of Neolithic times and Sweden to-day represents
one of the few countries which has never been over-
whelmed by foreign conquest and in which there
has been but a single racial type from the begin-
ning. This nation is unique in its unity of race,
language, religion and social ideals.

Southern Scandinavia only became fit for hu-
man habitation on the retreat of the glaciers about
twelve thousand years ago and apparently was im-
mediately occupied by the Nordic race. This is one
of the few geological dates which is absolute and
not relative. It rests on a most interesting series
of computations made by Baron DeGeer, based on
an actual count of the laminated deposits of clay
laid down annually by the retreating glaciers, each
layer representing the summer deposit of the sub-
glacial stream.

The Nordics first appear at the close of the
Paleolithic along the coasts of the Baltic. The
earliest industry discovered in this region, named
the Maglemose and found in Denmark and else-
where around the Baltic, is probably the culture
of the Proto-Teutonic branch of the Nordic race.
No human remains in connection therewith have
been found.

The vigor and power of the Nordic race as a
whole is such that it could not have been evolved

170 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

in so restricted an area as southern Sweden al-
though its Teutonic or Scandinavian section did
develop there in comparative isolation. The Nor-
dics must have had a larger field for their specializa-
tion and a longer period for their evolution than is
afforded by the limited time which has elapsed since
Sweden became habitable. For the development
of so marked a type there is required a continental
area isolated and protected for long ages from the
intrusion of other races. The climatic conditions
must have been such as to impose a rigid elimi-
nation of defectives through the agency of hard
winters and the necessity of industry and foresight
in providing the year's food, clothing and shelter
during the short summer. Such demands on en-
ergy if long continued would produce a strong,
virile and self-contained race which would inevi-
tably overwhelm in battle nations whose weaker
elements had not been purged by the conditions of
an equally severe environment.

An area conforming to these requirements is
offered by the forests and plains of eastern Ger-
many, Poland and Russia. It was here that the
Proto-Nordic type evolved and here their remnants
are found. They were protected from Asia on the
east by the then almost continuous water connec-
tions across eastern Russia between the White Sea
and the old Caspian-Aral Sea.

During the last glacial advance (known as the

THE NORDIC RACE 171

Wiirm) which, like the preceding glaciations, is be-
lieved to have been a period of land depression,
the White Sea extended far to the south of its
present limits, while the enlarged Caspian Sea,
then and long afterward connected with the Sea
of Aral, extended northward to the great bend of
the Volga. The intermediate area was studded
with large lakes and morasses. Thus an almost
complete water barrier of shallow sea located just
west of the low Ural Mountains, separated Europe
from Asia during the Wiirm glaciation and the
following period of glacial retreat. The broken
connection was restored just before the dawn of
history by a slight elevation of the land and the
shrinking of the Caspian-Aral Sea through the in-
creasing desiccation which has left its present sur-
face below sea level.

An important element in the maintenance of
the isolation of this Nordic cradle on the south is
the fact that from earliest times down to this day
the pressure of population has been unchangeably
from the bleak and sterile north, southward and
eastward, into the sunny but enervating lands of
France, Italy, Greece, Persia and India.

In these forests and steppes of the north, the
Nordic race gradually evolved in isolation and at
an early date spread north over the Scandinavian
Peninsula together with much of the land now sub-
merged under the Baltic and North Seas.

172 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Nordic strains form everywhere a substratum
of population throughout Russia and underlie the
round skulled Slavs who first appear a little over a
thousand years ago as coming not from the direc-
tion of Asia but from south Poland. Burial mounds
called kurgans are widely scattered throughout
Russia from the Carpathians to the Urals and con-
tain numerous remains of a dolichocephalic race, —
in fact, more than three-fourths of the skulls are
of this type. Round skulls first become numer-
ous in ancient Russian graveyards about 900 A. D.
and soon increase to such an extent that in the
Slavic period from the ninth to the thirteenth cen-
turies one-half of the skulls were brachycephalic,
while in modern cemeteries the proportion of round
skulls is still greater. The ancient Nordic element,
however, still forms a very considerable portion of
the population of northern Russia and contributes
the blondness and the red-headedness so charac-
teristic of the Russian of to-day. As we leave
the Baltic coasts the Nordic characters fade out
both toward the south and east. The blond ele-
ment in the nobility of Russia is of later Scandi-
navian and Teutonic origin.

When the seas which separated Russia from Asia
dried, when the isolation and exacting climate of
the north had done their work and produced the
vigorous Nordic type, and when in the fulness of
time bronze for their weapons reached them these

THE NORDIC RACE 173

men burst upon the southern races, conquering
east, south and west. They brought with them
from the north the hardihood and vigor acquired
under the rigorous selection of a long winter season
and vanquished in battle the inhabitants of older
and feebler civilizations, but only to succumbiJn
their turn to the softening influences of a life of
ease and plenty in their new homes.

The earliest recorded appearance of Aryan-
speaking Nordics is our first dim vision of the
Sacae introducing Sanskrit into India, the Cimme-
rians pouring through the passes of the Caucasus
from the grasslands of South Russia to invade the
Empire of the Medes and the Achaeans and
Phrygians conquering Greece and the ^Egean coast
of Asia Minor. About 1100 B. C. Nordics enter
Italy as Umbrians and Oscans and soon after other
Nordics cross the Rhine into Gaul. The latter
were the western vanguard of the Celtic-speaking
tribes which had long occupied those districts in
Germany which lay south and west of the Teu-
tonic Nordics. These Teutons at this early date
were confined probably to Scandinavia and the
immediate shores of the Baltic and were just be-
ginning to press southward.

This first Celtic wave of Nordics seems to have
swept westward along the sandy plains of northern
Europe, and entered France through the Low Coun-
tries. From this point as Goidels they spread north

174 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

into Britain, reaching there about 800 B. C. As
Gauls they conquered all France and pushed on
southward and westward into Spain and over the
Maritime Alps into northern Italy, where they en-
countered the kindred Nordic Umbrians, who at an
earlier date had crossed the Alps from the north-
east. Other Celtic-speaking Nordics apparently mi-
grated up the Rhine and down the Danube and
by the time the Romans came on the scene the
Alpines of central Europe had been thoroughly
Celticized. These tribes pushed eastward into
southern Russia and reached the Crimea as early
as the fourth century B. C. Mixed with the na-
tives, they were called by the Greeks the Celto-
Scyths. This swarming out of what is now called
Germany of the first Nordics was during the clos-
ing phases of the Bronze Period and was contem-
porary with and probably caused by the first great
expansion of the Teutons from Scandinavia by way
both of Denmark and the Baltic coasts.

These invaders were succeeded by a second wave
of Celtic-speaking peoples, the Cymry or Brythons,
who drove their Goidelic predecessors still farther
westward and exterminated and absorbed them
over large areas. These Cymric invasions occurred
about 300-100 B. C. and were probably the result
of the growing development of the Teutons and
their final expulsion of the Celtic-speaking tribes
from Germany. These Cymry occupied northern

THE NORDIC RACE 175

France under the name of Belgae and invaded Eng-
land as Bry thons in several waves, the last being the
true Belgae. The conquests of these Cymric tribes
in both Gaul and Britain were only checked by the
legions of Rome.

These migrations are exceedingly hard to trace J
because of the confusion caused by the fact that
Celtic speech is now found on the lips of popu-
lations in nowise related to the Nordics who first
introduced it. But one fact stands out clearly, all
the original Celtic-speaking tribes were Nordic.

What were the special physical characters of
these tribes in which they differed from their Teu-
tonic successors is now impossible to say, beyond
the possible suggestion that in the British Isles the
Scottish and Irish populations in which red hair
and gray or green eyes are abundant have rather
more of this Celtic strain in them than have the
flaxen haired Teutons, whose china-blue eyes are
clearly not Celtic.

When the peoples called Gauls or Celts by the
Romans and Galatians by the Greeks first appear
in history they are described in exactly the same
terms as were later the Teutons. They were all
gigantic barbarians with fair and very often red
hair, then more frequent than to-day, with gray or
fiercely blue eyes and were thus clearly members
of the Nordic subspecies.

The first Celtic-speaking nations with whom the

176 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Romans came in contact were Gaulish and had
probably incorporated much Alpine blood by the
time they crossed the mountains into the domain
of classic history. The Nordic element had be-
come still weaker by absorption from the con-
quered populations when at a later date the Ro-
mans broke through the ring of Celtic nations and
came into contact with the Nordic Cymry and
Teutons.

After these early expansions of Gauls and Cymry
the Teutons appear upon the scene. Of the pure
Teutons within the ken of history, it is not neces-
sary to mention more than the most important of
the long series of conquering tribes.

The greatest of them all were perhaps the
Goths, who came originally from the south of
Sweden and were long located on the opposite
German coast at the mouth of the Vistula. From
here they crossed Poland to the Crimea where they
were known in the first century. Three hundred
years later they were driven westward by the Huns
and forced into the Dacian plain and over the
Danube into the Roman Empire. There they split
up; the Ostrogoths after a period of subjection to
the Huns on the Danube, ravaged the European
provinces of the Eastern Empire, conquered Italy
and founded there a great but shortlived nation.
The Visigoths occupied much of Gaul and then
entered Spain driving the Nordic Vandals before

THE NORDIC RACE 177

them into Africa. The Teutons and Cimbri,
destroyed by Marius in southern Gaul about 100
B. C.j the Gepidae, the Alans, the Suevi, the Van-
dals, the Alemanni of the upper Rhine, the Mar-
comanni, the Saxons, the Batavians, the Frisians,
the Angles, the Jutes, the Lombards and the
Heruli of Italy, the Burgundians of the east of
France, the Franks of the lower Rhine, the Danes,
and, latest of all, the Norse Vikings emerge from
the northern forests and seas one after another and
sweep through history. Less well known but of
great importance are the Varangians, who coming
from Sweden in the ninth and tenth centuries, con-
quered the coast of the Gulf of Finland and much
of White Russia and left there a dynasty and aris-
tocracy of Nordic blood. In the tenth and eleventh
centuries they were the rulers of Russia.

The traditions of Goths, Vandals, Lombards and
Burgundians all point to Sweden as their earliest
homeland and probably all the pure Teutonic
tribes came originally from Scandinavia and were
closely related.

When these Teutonic tribes poured down from
the Baltic coasts, their Celtic-speaking Nordic
predecessors were already much mixed with the
underlying populations, Mediterranean in the west
and Alpine in the south. These "Celts" were not
recognized by the Teutons as kin in any sense
and were all called, Welsh, or foreigners. From this

176 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

THE NORDIC RACE 177

them into Africa. The Teutons and Cimbri,
destroyed by Marius in southern Gaul about 100
B. C, the Gepidae, the Alans, the Suevi, the Van-
dals, the Alemanni of the upper Rhine, the Mar-
comanni, the Saxons, the Batavians, the Frisians,
the Angles, the Jutes, the Lombards and the
Heruli of Italy, the Burgundians of the east of
France, the Franks of the lower Rhine, the Danes,
and, latest of all, the Norse Vikings emerge from
the northern forests and seas one after another and
sweep through history. Less well known but of
great importance are the Varangians, who coming
from Sweden in the ninth and tenth centuries, con-
quered the coast of the Gulf of Finland and much
of White Russia and left there a dynasty and aris-
tocracy of Nordic blood. In the tenth and eleventh
centuries they were the rulers of Russia.

178 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

word are derived the names "Wales," "Corn-
wales" or "Cornwall," "Valais," "Walloons," and
"Vlach" or "Wallachian."

TEUTONIC EUROPE

No proper understanding is possible of the
meaning of the history of Christendom or full ap-
preciation of the place in it of the Teutonic Nor-
dics without a brief review of the events in Eu-
rope of the last two thousand years.

When Rome fell and changed trade conditions
necessitated the transfer of power from its historic
capital in Italy to a strategic situation on the Bos-
porus, western Europe was definitely and finally
abandoned to its Teutonic invaders. These same
barbarians swept up again and again to the Pro-
pontis, only to recoil before the organized strength
of the Byzantine Empire and the walls of Mikkle-
gard. The final line of cleavage between the west-
ern and eastern Empires corresponded closely to
the boundaries of Latin and Greek speech and dif-
ferences of language no doubt were the chief cause
of the political and later of the religious divergence
between them.

Until the coming of the Alpine Slavs the East-
ern Empire still held in Europe the Balkan Penin-
sula and much of the eastern Mediterranean. The

Western Empire, however, collapsed utterly under

179

180 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

the impact of hordes of Nordic Teutons at a
much earlier date. In the fourth and fifth centu-
ries of our era north Africa, once the empire of
Carthage, had become the seat of the kingdom of
Nordic Vandals. Spain fell under the control of
the Visigoths and Lusitania, now Portugal, under
that of the Suevi. Gaul was Visigothic in the
south and Burgundian in the east, while the
Frankish kingdom dominated the north until it
finally absorbed and incorporated all the territories
of ancient Gaul and made it the land of the Franks.
Strictly speaking, the northern half of France and
the adjoining districts, the country of Langued'oil,
is the true land of the Franks while the southern
Languedoc was never Frankish except by conquest,
and was never as thoroughly Nordicized as the
north. Whatever Nordic elements are still to be
found there are Gothic and Burgundian but not
Frankish.

Italy fell under the control first of the Ostro-
goths and then of the Lombards. The purely
Nordic Saxons with kindred tribes conquered the
British Isles and meanwhile the Norse and Danish
Scandinavians contributed a large element to all
the coast populations as far south as Spain and
the Swedes organized in the eastern Baltic what
is now Russia.

Thus when Rome passed all Europe had be-
come superficially Teutonic. At first these Teutons

TEUTONIC EUROPE 181

were isolated and independent tribes bearing some
shadowy relation to the one organized state they
knew, the Empire of Rome. Then came the Mo-
hammedan invasion, which reached western Eu-
rope from Africa and destroyed the Visigothic
kingdom. The Moslems swept on unchecked
until their light horsemen dashed themselves to
pieces against the heavy armed cavalry of Charles
Martel and his Franks at Tours in 732 A. D.

The destruction of the Vandal kingdom by the
armies of the Byzantine Empire, the conquest of
Spain by the Moors and finally the overthrow of
the Lombards by the Franks were all greatly facil-
itated by the fact that these barbarians, Vandals,
Goths, Suevi and Lombards, with the sole excep-
tion of the Franks, were originally Christians
of the Arian or Unitarian confession and as
such were regarded as heretics by their orthodox
Christian subjects. The Franks alone were con-
verted from heathenism directly to the Trini-
tarian faith to which the old populations of the
Roman Empire adhered. From this orthodoxy
of the Franks arose the close relation between
France, "the eldest daughter of the church," and
the papacy, a connection which lasted for more
than a thousand years — in fact nearly to our own
day.

With the Goths eliminated western Christen-
dom became Frankish. In the year 800 A. D.

182 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Charlemagne was crowned at Rome and re-estab-
lished the Roman Empire in the west, which in-
cluded all Christendom outside of the Byzantine
Empire. In some form or shape this Roman
Empire endured until the beginning of the nine-
teenth century and during all that time it formed
the basis of the political concept of European
man.

This same concept lies to-day at the root of the
imperial idea. Kaiser, Tsar and Emperor each
takes his name and in some way undertakes to
trace his title from Caesar and the Empire. Charle-
magne and his successors claimed and often exer-
cised overlordship as to all the other continental
Christian nations and when the Crusades began
it was the German Emperor who led the Frankish
hosts against the Saracens. Charlemagne was a
German Emperor, his capital was at Aachen within
the present limits of the German Empire and the
language of his court was German. For several
centuries after the conquest of Gaul by the Franks
their Teutonic tongue held its own against the
Latin speech of the Romanized Gauls.

The history of all Christian Europe is in some
degree interwoven with this Holy Roman Em-
pire. Though the Empire was neither holy nor
Roman but altogether secular and Teutonic, it
was, nevertheless, the heart of Europe for ages.
Holland and Flanders, Lorraine and Alsace, Bur-

TEUTONIC EUROPE 183

gundy and Luxemburg, Lombardy and the Veneto,
Switzerland and Austria, Bohemia and Styria are
states which were originally component parts of
the Empire although many of them have since
been torn away by rival nations or have become in-
dependent, while much of northern Italy remained
under the sway of Austria within the memory of
living men.

The Empire wasted its strength in imperial am-
bitions and foreign conquests instead of consoli-
dating, organizing and unifying its own territories
and the fact that the imperial crown was elective
for many generations before it became hereditary
in the House of Hapsburg checked the unification
of Germany during the Middle Ages.

A strong hereditary monarchy, such as arose in
England and in France, would have anticipated
the Germany of to-day by a thousand years and
made it the predominant state in Christendom,
but disruptive elements in the persons of great
territorial dukes were successful throughout its
history in preventing an effective concentration of
power in the hands of the Emperor.

That the German Emperor was regarded, though
vaguely, as the overlord of all Christian monarchs
was clearly indicated when Henry VIII of England
and Francis I of France appeared as candidates
for the imperial crown against Charles of Spain,
afteiward the Emperor Charles V.

1 84 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Europe was the Holy Roman Empire and the
Holy Roman Empire was Europe predominantly
until the Thirty Years' War. This war was per-
haps the greatest catastrophe of all the ghastly
crimes committed in the name of religion. It de-
stroyed an entire generation, taking each year for
thirty years the finest manhood of the nations.

Two-thirds of the population of Germany was
destroyed, in some states such as Bohemia three-
fourths of the inhabitants were killed or exiled,
while out of 500,000 inhabitants in Wurtemberg
there were only 48,000 left at the end of the war.
Terrible as this loss was, the destruction did not
fall equally on the various races and classes in
the community. It bore, of course, most heavily
upon the big blond fighting man and at the end
of the war the German states contained a greatly
lessened proportion of Nordic blood. In fact,
from that time on the purely Teutonic race in
Germany has been largely replaced by the Al-
pine types in the south and by the Wendish and
the Polish types in the east. This change of race
in Germany has gone so far that it has been com-
puted that out of the 70,000,000 inhabitants of
the German Empire, only 9,000,000 are purely
Teutonic in coloration, stature and skull charac-
ters. The rarity of pure Teutonic and Nordic
types among the German immigrants to America in
contrast to its almost universal prevalence among

TEUTONIC EUROPE 185

those from Scandinavia is traceable to the same
cause.

In addition, the Thirty Years' War virtually
destroyed the land owning yeomanry and lesser
gentry formerly found in mediaeval Germany as
numerously as in France or in England. The re-
ligious wars of France, while not as devasting to
the nation as a whole as was the Thirty Years' War
in Germany, nevertheless greatly weakened the
French cavalier type, the "petite noblesse de pro-
vince." In Germany this class had flourished and
throughout the Middle Ages contributed great
numbers of knights, poets, thinkers, artists and
artisans who gave charm and variety to the society
of central Europe. But, as said, this section of
the population was practically exterminated in the
Thirty Years' War and this class of gentlemen
practically vanishes from German history from
that time on.

When the Thirty Years' War was over there re-
mained in Germany nothing except the brutalized
peasantry, largely of Alpine derivation in the
south and east, and the high nobility which turned
from the toils of endless warfare to mimic on a
small scale the court of Versailles. After this long
struggle the boundaries in central Europe between
the Protestant North and the Catholic South fol-
low in a marked degree the frontier between the
northern plain inhabited chiefly by Nordics and

1 86 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

the more mountainous countries in the south popu-
lated almost entirely by Alpines.

It has taken Germany two centuries to recover
her vigor, her wealth and her aspirations to a place
in the sun.

During these years Germany was a political non-
entity, a mere congeries of petty states bickering
and fighting with each other, claiming and own-
ing only the Empire of the Air as Napoleon hap-
pily phrased it. Meantime France and England
founded their colonial empires beyond the seas.

When in the last generation Germany became
unified and organized, she found herself not only
too late to share in these colonial enterprises, but
also lacking in much of the racial element and still
more lacking in the very classes which were her
greatest strength and glory before the Thirty Years'
War. To-day the ghastly rarity in the German
armies of chivalry and generosity toward women
and of knightly protection and courtesy toward the
prisoners or wounded can be largely attributed to
this annihilation of the gentle classes. The Ger-
mans of to-day, whether they live on the farms
or in the cities, are for the most part descendants
of the peasants who survived, not of the brilliant
knights and sturdy foot soldiers who fell in that
mighty conflict. Knowledge of this great past
when Europe was Teutonic and memories of the
shadowy grandeur of the Hohenstaufen Emperors,

TEUTONIC EUROPE 187

who, generation after generation, led Teutonic
armies over the Alps to assert their title to Italian
provinces, have played no small part in modern
German consciousness.

These traditions and the knowledge that their
own religious dissensions swept them from the
leadership of the European world lie at the base
of the German imperial ideal of to-day and it is
for this ideal that the German armies are dying,
just as did their ancestors for a thousand years
under their Fredericks, Henrys, Conrads and Ottos.

But the Empire of Rome and the Empire of
Charlemagne are no more and the Teutonic type
is divided almost equally between the contending
forces in this world war. With the United States
in the field the balance of pure Nordic blood will
be heavily against the Central Powers, which pride
themselves on being "the Teutonic powers."

Germany is too late and is limited to a destiny
fixed and ordained for her on the fatal day in 16 18
when the Hapsburg Ferdinand forced the Prot-
estants of Bohemia into revolt.

Although as a result of the Thirty Years' War the
German Empire is far less Nordic than in the Mid-
dle Ages, the north and northwest of Germany are
still Teutonic throughout and in the east and south
the Alpines have been thoroughly Germanized with
an aristocracy and upper class very largely of pure
Teutonic blood.

VIII
THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS

The men of Nordic blood to-day form practi-
cally all the population of Scandinavian countries,
as also a majority of the population of the British
Isles and are almost pure in type in Scotland and
eastern and northern England. The Nordic realm
includes nearly all the northern third of France
with extensions into the fertile southwest; all the
rich lowlands of Flanders; all Holland; the north-
ern half of Germany with extensions up the Rhine
and down the Danube; and the north of Poland
and of Russia. Recent calculations indicate that
there are about 90,000,000 of purely Nordic phys-
ical type in Europe out of a total population of
420,000,000.

Throughout southern Europe a Nordic nobility
of Teutonic type everywhere forms the old aristo-
cratic and military classes or what now remains
of them. These aristocrats, by as much as their
blood is pure, are taller and blonder than the native
populations, whether these be Alpine in central
Europe or Mediterranean in Spain or in the south
of France and Italy.

The countries speaking Low German dialects

188

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 189

are almost purely Nordic but the populations of
High German speech are very largely Teutonized
Alpines and occupy lands once Celtic-speaking.
The main distinction between the two dialects is
the presence of a large number of Celtic elements
in High German.

In northern Italy there is a large amount of Nor-
dic blood. In Lombardy, Venice and elsewhere
throughout the country the aristocracy is blonder
and taller than the peasantry, but the Nordic ele-
ment in Italy has declined noticeably since the
Middle Ages. From Roman times onward for a
thousand years the Teutons swarmed into north-
ern Italy, through the Alps and chiefly by way of
the Brenner Pass. With the stoppage of these
Nordic reinforcements this strain seems to have
grown less all through Italy.*

In the Balkan Peninsula there is little to show
for the floods of Nordic blood that have poured in
for the last 3,500 years, beginning with the Achae-
ans of Homer, who first appeared en masse about
1400 B. C. and were followed successively by the
Dorians, Cimmerians and Gauls, down to the
Goths and the Varangians of Byzantine times.

* Procopius tells a significant story which illustrates the contrast in
racial character between the natives and the barbarians. He relates
that, at the surrender of Ravenna in 540 A. D. by the Goths to the army
of the Byzantines, "when the Gothic women saw how swarthy, small
men of mean aspect had conquered their tall, robust, fair-skinned barba-
rians, they were furious and spat in their husbands' faces and cursed
them for cowards."

190 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

The tall stature of the population along the
Ulyrian Alps from the Tyrol to Albania on the
south is undoubtedly of Nordic origin and dates
from some of these early invasions, but these II-
lyrians have been so crossed with Slavs that all
other blond elements have been lost and the ex-
isting population is essentially of brachycephalic
Alpine type. They are known as the Dinaric race.
What few remnants of blondness occur in this dis-
trict, more particularly in Albania, as well as the
so-called Frankish elements in Bosnia, may proba-
bly be attributed to later infiltrations.

The Tyrolese seem to be largely Nordic except in
respect to their round skull.

In Russia and in Poland the Nordic stature,
blondness and long skull grow less and less pro-
nounced as one proceeds south and east from the
Gulf of Finland.

It would appear that in all those parts of Eu-
rope outside of its natural habitat, the Nordic
blood is on the wane from England to Italy and
that the ancient, acclimated and primitive popula-
tions of Alpine and Mediterranean race are subtly
reasserting their long lost political power through
a high breeding rate and democratic institutions.

In western Europe the first wave of the Nordic
tribes appeared about three thousand years ago and
was followed by other invasions with the Nordic
element becoming stronger until after the fall of

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 191

Rome whole tribes moved into its provinces, Teu-
tonizing them more or less for varying lengths of
time.

These incoming Nordics intermarried with the
native populations and were gradually bred out
and the resurgence of the old native stock, chiefly
Alpine, has proceeded steadily since the Frankish
Charlemagne destroyed the Lombard kingdom and
is proceeding with unabated vigor to-day. This
process was greatly accelerated in western Europe
by the Crusades, which were extremely destructive
to the Nordic feudal lords, especially the Frankish
and Norman nobility and was continued by the
wars of the Reformation and by those of the Revo-
lution. The world war now in full swing with its
toll of millions will leave Europe much poorer in
Nordic blood. One of its most certain results will
be the partial destruction of the aristocratic classes
everywhere in northern Europe. In England the
nobility has already suffered in battle more than in
any century since the Wars of the Roses. This will
tend to realize the standardization of type so dear
to democratic ideals. If equality cannot_be_ob- ^
tained by lengthening and uplifting the stunted, of
body and of mind, it can be at least realized by the
destruction of the exalted of stature and of soul.
The bed of Procrustes operates with the same
fatal exactness when it shortens the long as when it
stretches the undersized.

192 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

The first Nordics in Spain were the Gauls who
crossed the western Pyrenees about the end of the
sixth century before our era and introduced Aryan
speech into the Iberian Peninsula. They quickly
mixed with Mediterranean natives and the com-
posite Spaniards were called Celtiberians by the
Romans.

In Portugal and Spain there are in the physical
structure of the population few traces of these
early Celtic-speaking Nordic invaders but the
Suevi, who a thousand years later occupied parts
of Portugal, and the Vandals and Visigoths, who
conquered and held Spain for 300 years, have left
some small evidence of their blood. In the prov-
inces of northern Spain a considerable percentage
of light colored eyes reveals these Nordic elements
in the population.

Deep seated Castilian traditions associate aris-
tocracy with blondness and the sangre azul, or blue
blood of Spain, probably refers to the blue eye
of the Goth, whose traditional claim to lordship
is also shown in the Spanish name for gentleman,
"hidalgo," said to mean "the son of the Goth."
The fact that the blood shows as "blue " through the
fair Nordic skin is also to be taken into account.

As long as this Gothic nobility controlled the
Spanish states during the endless crusades against
the Moors, Spain belonged to the Nordic king-
doms, but when their blood became impaired by

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 193

losses in wars waged outside of Spain and in the
conquest of the Americas, the sceptre fell from this
noble race into the hands of the native Iberian,
who had not the physical vigor or the intellectual
strength to maintain the world empire built up by
the stronger race. For 200 years the Spanish infan-
try had no equal in Europe but this distinction
disappeared with the opening decades of the seven-
teenth century.

The splendid conquistadores of the New World
were of Nordic type, but their pure stock did not
long survive their new surroundings and to-day
they have vanished utterly, leaving behind them
only their language and their religion. After con-
sidering well these facts we shall not have to search
further for the causes of the collapse of Spain.

Gaul at the time of Caesar's conquest was under
the rule of the Nordic race, which furnished the
bulk of the population of the north as well as the
military classes elsewhere and, while the Romans
killed off an undue proportion of this fighting ele-
ment, the power and vigor of the French nation
have been based on this blood and its later rein-
forcements. In fact, in the Europe of to-day the
amount of Nordic blood in each nation is a very
fair measure of its strength in war and standing in
civilization. The proportion of men of pure type
of each constituent race to the mixed type is also
a powerful factor.

194 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

When, about iooo B. C, the first Nordics crossed
the lower Rhine they found the Mediterranean
race in France everywhere overwhelmed by an
Alpine population except in the south. Long be-
fore the time of Caesar the Celtic language of these
invaders had been imposed upon the entire pop-
ulation and the country had been saturated with
Nordic blood, except in Aquitaine which seems to
have retained until at least that date its Anaryan
Iberian speech. These earliest Nordics in the
west were known to the ancient world as Gauls.
These Gauls, or "Celts," as they were called by
Caesar, occupied in his day the centre of France.
The actual racial complexion of this part of France
was overwhelmingly Alpine then and is so now,
but this population had been Celticized thoroughly
by the Gauls, just as it was Latinized as com-
pletely at a later date by the Romans.

The northern third of France, that is above
Paris, was inhabited in Caesar's time by the Belgae,
a Nordic people of the Cymric division of Celtic
speech. They were largely of Teutonic blood and
in fact should be regarded as the immediate fore-
runners of the Germans. They probably represent
the early Teutons who had crossed from Sweden
and adopted the Celtic speech of their Nordic
kindred whom they found on the mainland. These
Belgae had followed the earlier Goidels across Ger-
many into Britain and Gaul and were rapidly dis-

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 195

placing their Nordic predecessors, who by this
time were much weakened by mixture with the
autochthones, when Rome appeared upon the
scene and set a limit to their conquests by the Pax
Romana.

The Belgae of the north of France and the Low
Countries were the bravest of the peoples of Gaul,
according to Caesar's oft-quoted remark, but the
claim of the modern Belgians to descent from this
race is without basis and rests solely on the fact
that the present kingdom of Belgium, which only
became independent and assumed its proud name
in 183 1, occupies a small and relatively unimpor-
tant corner of the land of the Belgae. The Flem-
ings of Belgium are Nordic Franks speaking a
Low German tongue and the Walloons are Al-
pines whose language is an archaic French.

The Belgae and the Goidelic remnants of Nordic
blood in the centre of Gaul taken together prob-
ably constituted only a small minority in blood of
the population, but were everywhere the military
and ruling classes. These Nordic elements were
later reinforced by powerful Teutonic tribes,
namely, Vandals, Visigoths, Alans, Saxons, Bur-
gundians and, most important of all, the Franks of
the lower Rhine, who founded modern France and
made it for long centuries "la grande nation" of
Christendom.

The Frankish dynasties long after Charlemagne

196 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

were of purely Teutonic blood and the aristocratic
land owning and military classes down to the great
Revolution were very largely of this type, which
by the time of the creation of the Frankish king-
dom had incorporated all the other Nordic elements
of old Roman Gaul, both Gaulish and Belgic.

The last invasion of Teutonic-speaking barba-
rians was that of the Danish Northmen, who were,
of course, of unmixed Nordic blood and who con-
quered and settled Normandy in 911 A. D. No
sooner had the barbarian invasions ceased than
the ancient aboriginal blood strains, Mediterranean,
Alpine and elements derived from Paleolithic
times, began a slow and steady recovery. Step by
step with the reappearance of these primitive and
deep rooted stocks the Nordic element in France
declined and with it the vigor of the nation.
Even in Normandy the Alpines now tend to pre-
dominate and the French blonds are becoming
more and more limited to the northeastern and
eastern provinces.

The chief historic events of the last thousand
years have hastened this process and the fact that
the Nordic element everywhere forms the fighting
section of the community caused the loss in war
to fall disproportionately as among the three races
in France. The religious wars greatly weakened
the Nordic provincial nobility, which was before
the Massacre of St. Bartholomew largely Protes-

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 197

tant and the extermination of the upper classes
was hastened by the Revolutionary and Napoleonic
wars. These last wars are said to have shortened
the stature of the French by four inches; in other
words, the tall Nordic strain was killed off in
greater proportions than the little brunet.

When by universal suffrage the transfer of power
was completed from a Nordic aristocracy to lower
classes predominantly of Alpine and Mediterranean
extraction, the decline of France in international
power set in. In the country as a whole, the long
skulled Mediterraneans are also yielding rapidly to
the round skulled Alpines and the average of the
cephalic index in France has steadily risen since
the Middle Ages and is still rising.

The survivors of the aristocracy, being stripped
of political power and to a large extent of wealth,
quickly lost their caste pride and committed class
suicide by mixing their blood with inferior breeds.
One of the most conspicuous features of some of
the French nobility of to-day is the strength of
Oriental and Mediterranean strains in them. Be-
ing for political reasons ardently clerical the nobil-
ity welcomes recruits of any racial origin as long
as they bring with them money and devotion to
the Church.

The loss in war of the best stock through death,
wounds or absence from home has been clearly
shown in France. The conscripts who were exam-

198 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

ined for military duty in 1890-2 were those de-
scended in a large measure from the military re-
jects and other stay-at-homes during the Franco-
Prussian War. In Dordogne this contingent showed
seven per cent more deficient statures than the
normal rate. In some cantons this unfortunate
generation was in height an inch below the recruits
of preceding years and in it the exemptions for de-
fective physique rose from the normal six per cent
to sixteen per cent.

When each generation is decimated or destroyed
in turn a race can be injured beyond recovery but
it more frequently happens that the result is the
annihilation of an entire class, as in the case of the
German gentry in the Thirty Years' War. Deso-
lation of wide districts often resulted from the
plagues and famines which followed the armies in
old days but deaths from these causes fall most
heavily on the weaker part of the population. The
loss of valuable breeding stock is far more serious
when wars are fought with volunteer armies of
picked men than with conscript armies, because
in the latter cases the loss is more evenly spread
over the whole nation. Before England resorted
in the present war to universal conscription the in-
jury to her more desirable and patriotic classes was
much more pronounced than in Germany where all
types and ranks were called to arms.

In the British Isles we find, before the appearance

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 199

of the Nordic race, a Mediterranean population and
no important element of Alpine blood, so that at
the present day we have to deal with only two of
the main races instead of all three as in France.
It Britain there were, as elsewhere, representatives
oi- earlier races but the preponderant strain of
blood was Mediterranean before the first arrival of
the Aryan-speaking Nordics.

Ireland was connected with Britain and Britain
with the continent until times very recent in a
geological sense. The depression of the Channel
coasts is progressing rapidly to-day and is known
to have been substantial during historic times.
The close parallel in blood and culture between
England and the opposite coasts of France also in-
dicates a very recent land connection, possibly in
early Neolithic times. Men either walked from
the continent to England and from England to Ire-
land, or they paddled across in primitive boats or
coracles. The art of ship-building or even archaic
navigation cannot go much further back than late
Neolithic times.

The Nordic tribes of Celtic speech came to the
British Isles in two distinct waves. The earlier
invasion of the Goidels, who were still in the Bronze
culture, arrived in England about 800 B. C. and
in Ireland two centuries later. It was part of the
same movement which brought the Gauls into
France. The later conquest was by the Cymric-

200 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

speaking Belgae who were equipped with iron
weapons. It began in the third century B. C. and
was still going on in Caesar's time. These Cymric
Brythons found the early Goidels, with the excep-
tion of the aristocracy, much weakened by inter-
mixture with the Mediterranean natives and wo\?id
probably have destroyed all trace of Goidelic speech
in Ireland and Scotland, as they actually did in
England, if the Romans had not intervened. The
Brythons reached Ireland in small numbers only
in the second century B. C.

These Nordic elements in Britain, both Goidelic
and Brythonic, were in a minority during Roman
times and the ethnic complexion of the island was
not much affected by the Roman occupation, as
the legions stationed there represented the varied
racial stocks of the Empire.

After the Romans abandoned Britain and about
400 A. D., floods of pure Nordics poured into the
islands for nearly six centuries, arriving in the north
as the Norse pirates, who made Scotland Scandi-
navian, and in the east as Saxons and Angles, who
founded England.

The Angles came from somewhere in central
Jutland and the Saxons came from coast lands
immediately at the base of the Danish Peninsula.
All these districts were then and are now almost
purely Teutonic; in fact, this is part of old Saxony
and is to-day the core of Teutonic Germany.

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 201

These Saxon districts sent out at that time
swarms of invaders not only into England but into
France and over the Alps into Italy, just as at a
much later period the same land sent swarming
colonies into Hungary and Russia.

The same Saxon invaders passed down the Chan-
nel coasts and traces of their settlement on the
mainland remain to this day in the Cotentin dis-
trict around Cherbourg. Scandinavian sea peoples
called Danes or Northmen swarmed over as late
as 900 A. D. and conquered all eastern England.
This Danish invasion of England was the same that
brought the Northmen or Normans into France.
In fact the occupation of Normandy was probably
by Danes and the conquest of England was largely
the work of Norsemen, as Norway at that time
was under Danish kings.

Both of these invasions, especially the later, swept
around the greater island and inundated Ireland,
driving both the Neolithic aborigines and their
Celtic-speaking masters into the bogs and islands
of the west.

The blond Nordic element to-day is very marked
in Ireland as in England. It is derived, to some
extent, from the early invaders of Celtic speech,
but the Goidelic element has been very largely
absorbed in Ireland as in western England and in
Scotland by the Iberian substratum of the popu-
lation and is found to-day rather in the form of

202 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Nordic characters in brunets than in the entirely
blond individuals who represent later and purer
Nordic strains.

The figures for recruits taken some decades ago
in the two countries would indicate that the Irish
as a whole are considerably lighter in eye and
darker in hair color than are the English. The
combination of black Iberian hair with blue or gray
Nordic eyes is frequently found in Ireland and also
in Spain and in both these countries is justly ad-
mired for its beauty, but it is by no means an
exclusively Irish type.

The tall, blond Irishmen are to-day chiefly Dan-
ish with the addition of English, Norman and
Scotch elements, which have poured into the
lesser island for a thousand years and have im-
posed the English speech upon it. The more prim-
itive and ancient elements in Ireland have always
shown great ability to absorb newcomers and
during the Middle Ages it was notorious that the
Norman and English colonists quickly sank to the
cultural level of the natives.

In spite of the fact that Paleoliths have not been
found there some indications of Paleolithic man
appear in Ireland both as single characters and as
individuals. Being, like Brittany, situated on the
extreme western outposts of Eurasia, it has more
than its share of generalized and low types sur-
viving in the living populations and these types,

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 203

the Firbolgs, have imparted a distinct and very
undesirable aspect to a large portion of the in-
habitants of the west and south and have greatly
lowered the intellectual status of the population as
a whole. The cross between these elements and the
Nordics appears to be a bad one and the mental
and cultural traits of the aborigines have proved
to be exceedingly persistent and appear especially
in the unstable temperament and the lack of co-
ordinating and reasoning power, so often found
among the Irish. To the dominance of the Mediter-
raneans mixed with Pre-Neolithic survivals in the
south and west are to be attributed the aloofness
of the island from the general trend of European
civilization and its long adherence to ancient forms
of religion and even to Pre-Christian supersti-
tions.

In England, the same two ethnic elements are
present, namely the Nordic and the Mediterranean.
There is, especially in Wales and in the west cen-
tral counties of England, a large substratum of an-
cient Mediterranean blood but the later Nordic
elements are everywhere superimposed upon it.

Scotland is by race Anglian in the Lowlands and
Norse in the Highlands with underlying Goidelic
and Brythonic elements, which are exceedingly
hard to identify. The Mediterranean strain is
marked in the Highlands and is frequently asso-
ciated with tall stature.

204 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

This brunetness in Scotland is, of course, derived
from the same underlying Mediterranean stock
which we have found elsewhere in the British
Islands.

The inhabitants of Scotland before the arrival
of the Celtic-speaking Nordics seem to have been
the Picts, whose language was almost surely Non-
Aryan. Judging from the remnants of Anaryan
syntax in the Goidelic and to a lesser degree in
the Cymric languages, Pictish was related to the
Anaryan Berber tongues still spoken in North
Africa. No trace of this Pre- Aryan syntax is found
in English.

Where one race imposes a new language on an-
other, the change is most marked in the vocabulary
while the ancient usage in syntax or the construction
of sentences is the more apt to survive and these
ancient forms often give us a valuable clew to the
aboriginal speech. This same Anaryan syntax is
particularly marked in the Irish language, a condi-
tion which fits in with the other Pre- Aryan usages
and types found there.

This divergence between the new vocabulary and
the ancient habits of syntax is probably one of
the causes of the extreme splitting up of the vari-
ous branches of the Aryan mother tongue.

Wales, like western Ireland, is a museum of
racial antiquities and being an unattractive and
poor country has exported men rather than re-

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 205

ceived immigration, while such invasions as did
arrive came with spent force.

The mass of the population of Wales especially
in the upland or moorland districts is Mediterra-
nean, with a considerable addition of Paleolithic
remnants. With changing social and industrial
conditions these Neolithic Mediterraneans are push-
ing into the valleys or towns with a resultant re-
placement of the Nordic types.

Recent and intensive investigations reveal every-
where in Wales distinct physical types living side
by side or in adjoining villages unchanged and un-
changeable throughout the centuries. Extensive
blending has not taken place though much cross-
ing has occurred and the persistence of the skull
shape has been particularly marked. Such in-
dividuals as are of pure Nordic type are generally
members of the old county families and land owning
class.

As to language in Wales, the Cymric is every-
where spoken in various dialects, but there are in-
dications of the ancient underlying Goidelic. In
fact, Brythonic or Cymric may not have reached
Wales much before the Roman conquest of Brit-
ain. The earlier Goidelic survived in parts of
Wales as late as the seventh century but by the
eleventh century all consciousness of race and lin-
guistic distinctions had disappeared in the common
name of Cymry. This name should perhaps be lim-

206 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

ited to the Brythons of England and not used for
their kindred on the Continent.

In Cornwall and along the Welsh border racial
types are often grouped in separate villages and
the intellectual and moral distinctions between
them are well recognized.

The Nordic species of man in its various branches
made Gaul the land of the Franks and made Brit-
ain the land of the Angles and the Englishmen
who built the British Empire and founded America
were of the Nordic and not of the Mediterranean
type.

One of the most vigorous Nordic elements in
France, England and America was contributed by
the Normans and their influence on the develop-
ment of these countries cannot be ignored. The
descendants of the Danish and Norse Vikings who
settled in Normandy as Teutonic-speaking heathen
and who as Normans crossed over to Saxon Eng-
land and conquered it in 1066 are among the
finest and noblest examples of the Nordic race.
Their only rivals in these characters were the
early Goths.

This Norman strain, while purely Nordic, seems
to have been radically different in its mental make-
up, and to some extent in its physical detail from
the Saxons of England and also from their kindred
in Scandinavia.

llie Normans appear to have been "fine race" to

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 207

use a French idiom and their descendants are often
characterized by a tall, slender figure, much less
bulky than the typical Teuton, of proud bearing
and with clearly marked features of classic Greek
regularity. The type is seldom extremely blond
and is often dark. These Latinized Vikings were
and are animated by a restless and nomadic energy
and by a fierce aggressiveness. They played a
brilliant role during the twelfth and following cen-
turies but later, on the continent, this strain ran
out, though leaving here and there traces of its
former presence, notably in Sicily where the gray-
ish blue Sicilian eye called "the Norman eye" is
still found among the old noble families.

The Norman type is still very common among
the English of good family and especially among
hunters, explorers, navigators, adventurers and offi-
cers in the British army. These latter-day Nor-
mans are natural rulers and administrators and it
is to this type that England largely owes her
extraordinary ability to govern justly and firmly
the lower races. This Norman blood occurs often
among the native Americans but with the chang-
ing social conditions and the filling up of the waste
places of the earth it is doomed to a speedy
extinction.

The Normans were Nordics with a dash of brunet \
blood and their conquest of England strengthened

the Nordic and not the Mediterranean elements

208 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

in the British Isles, but the connection once estab-
lished with France especially with Aquitaine later
introduced from southern France certain brunet
elements of Mediterranean affinities.

The upper class Normans on their arrival in
England were probably purely Scandinavian, but
in the lower classes there were some dark strains.
They brought with them large numbers of ecclesi-
astics who were, for the most part drawn from the
more ancient types throughout France. Carefu?
investigation of the graveyards and vaults in which
these churchmen were buried revealed a large per-
centage of round skulls among them.

In both Normandy and in the lowlands of Scot-
land there was much the same mixture of blood
between Scandinavian and Saxon but with a smaller
amount of Saxon blood in France. The result in
both cases was the production of an extraordinarily
forceful race.

The Nordics in England are in these days
apparently receding before the Neolithic Med-
iterranean type. The causes of this decline are
the same as in France and the chief loss is through
the wastage of blood by war and through emigra-
tion.

The typical British soldier is blond or red bearded
and the typical sailor is always a blond. The mi-
grating type from England is also chiefly Nordic.
These facts would indicate that nomadism as well

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 209

as love of war and adventure are Nordic character-
istics.

An extremely potent influence, however, is the
transformation of the nation from an agricultural
to a manufacturing community. Heavy, healthful
work in the fields of northern Europe enables the
Nordic type to thrive, but the cramped factory
and crowded city quickly weed him out, while the
little brunet Mediterranean can work a spindle,
set type, sell ribbons or push a clerk's pen far better
than the big, clumsy and somewhat heavy Nordic
blond, who needs exercise, meat and air and can-
not live under Ghetto conditions.

The increase of urban communities at the ex-
pense of the countryside is also an important ele-
ment in the fading of the Nordic type, because the
energetic countryman of this blood is more apt to
improve his fortunes by moving to the city than the
less ambitious Mediterranean.

The country villages and the farms are the nur-
series of nations, while cities are consumers and
seldom producers of men. The effort now being
made in America to settle undesirable immigrants
on farms may, from the viewpoint of race replace-
ment, be more dangerous than allowing them to
remain in crowded Ghettos or tenements.

If England has deteriorated and there are those
who think they see indications of such decline, it is
due to the lowering proportion of the Nordic blood

210 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

and the transfer of political power from the vigor-
ous Nordic aristocracy and middle classes to the
radical and labor elements, both largely recruited
from the Mediterranean type.

Only in Scandinavia and northwestern Germany
does the Nordic race seem to maintain its full vigor
in spite of the enormous wastage of three thousand
years of the swarming forth of its best fighting men.
Norway, however, after the Viking outburst has
never exhibited military power and Sweden, in the
centuries betwee*n the Varangian period and the rise
of Gustavus Adolphus, did not enjoy a reputation
for fighting efficiency. All the three Scandinavian
countries after vigorously attacking Christendom
a thousand years ago disappear from history as a
nursery for soldiers until the Reformation when
Sweden suddenly reappears just in time to save
Protestantism on the Continent. To-«day all three
seem to be intellectually anaemic.

Upper and Lower Austria, the Tyrol and Styria
have a very considerable Nordic element which is
in political control but the Alpine races are slowly
replacing the Nordics both there and in Hungary.

Holland and Flanders are purely Teutonic, the
Flemings being the descendants of those Franks
who did not adopt Latin speech as did their Teu-
tonic kin across the border in Artois and Picardy;
and Holland is the ancient Batavia with the Frisian
coast lands eastward to old Saxony.

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 211

Denmark, Norway and Sweden are purely Nor-
dic and yearly contribute swarms of a splendid type
of immigrants to America and are now, as they
have been for thousands of years, the chief nursery
and broodland of the master race.

In southwestern Norway and in Denmark, there
is a substantial number of short, dark round heads
of Alpine affinities. These dark Norwegians are
regarded as somewhat inferior socially by their
Nordic countrymen. Perhaps as a result of this
disability, a disproportionately large number of
Norwegian immigrants to America are of this type.
Apparently America is doomed to receive in these
later days the least desirable classes and types
from each European nation now exporting men.

In mediaeval times the Norse and Danish Vik-
ings sailed not only the waters of the known At-
lantic, but ventured westward through the fogs
and frozen seas to Iceland, Greenland and America.

Sweden, after sending forth her Goths and other
early Teutonic tribes, turned her attention to the
shores of the eastern Baltic, colonized the coast
of Finland and the Baltic provinces and supplied
also a strong Scandinavian element to the aris-
tocracy of Russia.

The coast of Finland is as a result Swedish and
the natives of the interior have distinctly Nordic
characters with the exception of the skull, which
in its roundness shows an Alpine cross.

212 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

The population of the so-called Baltic provinces
of Russia is everywhere Nordic and their affinities
are with Scandinavia and Germany rather than
with Slavic Moscovy. The most primitive Aryan
languages, namely, Lettish, Lithuanian and the
recently extinct Old Prussian, are found in this
neighborhood and here we are not far from the
original Nordic homeland.

THE NORDIC FATHERLAND

The area in Europe where the Nordic race de-
veloped and in which the Aryan languages origi-
nated probably included the forest region of east-
ern Germany, Poland and Russia, together with
the grasslands which stretched from the Ukraine
eastward into the steppes south of the Ural. From
causes already mentioned this area was long isolated
from the rest of the world and especially from
Asia. When the unity of the Aryan race and of
the Aryan language was broken up at the end of
the Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze
Age, wave after wave of the early Nordics pushed
westward along the sandy plains of the north and
pressed against and through the Alpine populations
of central Europe. Usually these early Nordics, as
indeed many of the later ones, constituted only a
thin layer of ruling classes and there must have
been many countries conquered by them in which
we have no historic evidence of their existence,
linguistic or otherwise. This must have certainly
been the case in those numerous instances where
only the leaders were Nordics and the great mass

of their followers slaves or serfs of inferior races.

215

214 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

The Nordics also swept down through Thrace
into Greece and Asia Minor, while other large and
important groups entered Asia partly through the
Caucasus Mountains, but in greater strength they
migrated around the northern and eastern sides of
the Caspian-Aral Sea.

That portion of the Nordic race which contin-
ued to inhabit south Russia and grazed their flocks
of sheep and herds of horses on the grasslands
were the Scythians of the Greeks and from these
nomad shepherds came the Cimmerians, Persians,
Sacae, Massagetae and perhaps the leaders of the
Kassites, Mitanni and other early Aryan-speaking
Nordic invaders of Asia. The descendants of these
Nordics are scattered throughout Russia but are
now submerged by the later Slavs.

Well marked characters of the Nordic race, which
were established in Neolithic times if not earlier,
enable us to distinguish it definitely wherever it
appears in history and we know that all the
blondness in the world is derived from this source.
As blondness is easily observed and recorded we
are apt to lay too much emphasis on this single
character. The brown shades of hair are equally
Nordic.

When the Nordics first enter the Mediterranean
world their arrival is everywhere marked by a
new and higher civilization. In most cases the
contact of the vigorous barbarians with the ancient

THE NORDIC FATHERLAND 215

civilizations created a sudden impulse of life and
an outburst of culture as soon as the first destruc-
tion wrought by the conquest was repaired.

In addition to the long continued selection ex-
ercised by severe climatic conditions and the con-
sequent elimination of ineflectives, both of which
affects a race, there is another force at work which
concerns the individual as well. The energy de-
veloped in the north is not lost immediately when
transferred to the softer conditions of existence in
the Mediterranean and Indian countries. This en-
ergy endures for several generations and only dies
away slowly as the northern blood becomes diluted
and the impulse to strive fades.

The contact of Hellene and Pelasgian caused the
blossoming of the ancient civilization of Hellas,
just as two thousand years later when the Nordic
invaders of Italy had absorbed the science, art
and literature of Rome, they produced that splen-
did century we call the Renaissance.

The chief men of the Cinque Cento and the
preceding century were of Nordic blood, largely
Gothic and Lombard, which is recognized easily by
a close inspection of busts or portraits in northern
Italy. Dante, Raphael, Titian, Michael Angelo,
Leonardo da Vinci were all of Nordic type, just as
in classic times many of the chief men and of the
upper classes were Nordic.

Similar expansions of civilization and organiza-

216 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

tion of empire followed the incursion of the Nordic
Persians into the land of the round skulled Medes
and the introduction of Sanskrit into India by the
Nordic Sacae who conquered that peninsula. These
outbursts of progress due to the first contact and

mixture of two contrasted races are, however, only
transitory and pass with the last lingering trace of
Nordic blood.

In India the blood of these Aryan-speaking in-
vaders has been absorbed by the dark Hindu and in
the final event only their synthetic speech survives.

The marvellous organization of the Roman state
made use of the services of Nordic mercenaries and
kept the Western Empire alive for three centuries
after the ancient Roman stock had virtually ceased
to exist.

The date when the population of the Empire had
become predominantly of Mediterranean and Ori-
ental blood, due to the introduction of slaves from
the east and the wastage of Italian blood in war,
coincides with the establishment of the Empire
under Augustus and the last Republican patriots
represent the final protest of the old patrician Nor-
dic strain. For the most part they refused to ab-
dicate their right to rule in favor of manumitted
slaves and imperial favorites and they fell in battle
and sword in hand. The Romans died out but the
slaves survived and their descendants form the
great majority of the south Italians of to-day.

THE NORDIC FATHERLAND 217

In the last days of the Republic, Caesar was the
leader of the mob, the Plebs, which by that time
had ceased to be of Roman blood. Pompey's
party represented the remnants of the old native
Roman aristocracy and was defeated at Pharsalia
not by Caesar's plebeian clients but by his Nordic
legionaries from Gaul. Cassius and Brutus were
the last successors of Pompey and their overthrow
at Philippi was the final death blow to the Re-
publican party; with them the native Roman
families disappear almost entirely.

The decline of the Romans and for that matter
of the native Italians began with the Punic Wars
when in addition to the Romans who fell in battle
a large portion of the country population of Italy
was destroyed by Hannibal. Native Romans suf-
fered greatly in the Social and Servile Wars as well
as in the civil conflicts between the factions of
Sylla, who led the Patricians, and Marius who rep-
resented the Plebs. Bloody proscriptions of the
rival parties followed alternately the victory of one
side and then of the other and under the tyranny
of the Emperors of the first century also the old
Roman stock was the greatest sufferer until it
practically vanished from the scene.

Voluntary childlessness was the most potent
cause of the decline under the Empire and when we
read of the abject servility of bearers of proud names
in the days of Nero and Caligula, we must remem-

218 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

ber that they could not rally to their standard fol-
lowers among the Plebs. They had only the choice
of submission or suicide and many chose the latter
alternative. The abjectness of the Roman spirit
under the Empire is thus to be explained by a
change in race.

With the expanding dominion of Rome the na-
tive elements of vigor were drawn year after year
into the legions and spent their active years in
wars or in garrisons, while the slaves and those
unfit for military duty stayed home and bred. In
the present great war while the native Americans
are at the front fighting the aliens and immigrants
are allowed to increase without check and the par-
allel is a close one.

Slaves began to be imported into Italy in num-
bers in the second century B. C. to work the large
plantations — latifundia — of the wealthy Romans.
This importation of slaves and the ultimate exten-
sion of the Roman citizenship to their manumitted
descendants and to inferior races throughout the
growing Empire and the losses in internal and for-
eign wars, ruined the state. In America we find an-
other close parallel in the Civil War and the sub-
sequent granting of citizenship to Negroes and to
ever increasing numbers of immigrants of plebeian,
servile or Oriental races, who throughout history
have shown little capacity to create, organize or
even to comprehend Republican institutions.

THE NORDIC FATHERLAND 219

In Rome, when this change in blood was sub-
stantially complete, the state could no longer be
operated under Republican forms of government
and the Empire arose to take its place. At the
beginning the Empire was clothed in the garb of
republicanism in deference to such Roman elements
as still persisted in the Senate and among the
Patricians but ultimately these external forms were
discarded and the state became virtually a pure
despotism.

The new population understood little and cared
less for the institutions of the ancient Republic
but they were jealous of their own rights of "Bread
and the Circus" — "panem et circenses" — and there
began to appear in place of the old Roman religion
the mystic rites of Eastern countries so welcome to
the plebeian and uneducated soul. The Emperors
to please the vulgar erected from time to time new
shrines to strange gods utterly unknown to the
Romans of the early Republic. In America, also,
strange temples, which would have been abhorrent
to our Colonial ancestors, are multiplying and our
streets and parks are turned over to monuments to
foreign "patriots," designed not to please the ar-
tistic sense of the passer-by but to gratify the na-
tional preference of some alien element in the elec-
torate.

These comments on the change of race in Rome
at the beginning of our era are not mere speculation.

220 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

An examination of many thousands of Roman col-
umbaria or funeral urns and the names inscribed
thereon show quite clearly that as early as the first
century of our era eighty to ninety per cent of
the urban population of the Roman Empire was of
servile extraction and that about seven-eighths
of this slave population was drawn from districts
within the boundaries of the Empire and very
largely from the countries bordering on the eastern
Mediterranean. Few names are found which in-
dicate that their bearers came from Gaul or the
countries beyond the Alps. These Nordic barba-
rians were of more use in the legions than as house-
hold servants.

At the beginning of the Christian era the entire
Levant and countries adjoining it in Asia Minor,
Syria and Egypt had been so thoroughly hellenized
that many of their inhabitants bore Greek names.
It was from these countries and from northern
Africa that the slave population of Rome was
drawn. Their descendants were the most im-
portant element in the Roman melting pot and
even to-day form the predominant element in the
population of Italy south of the Apennines. When
the Nordic barbarians a few centuries later poured
in, these Romanized Orientals disappeared tem-
porarily from view under the rule of the vigorous
northerners but they have steadily absorbed the
latter until the Nordic elements in Italy now are

THE NORDIC FATHERLAND 221

to be found chiefly in the Lombard plains and the
region of the Alps.

The Byzantine Empire from much the same
causes as the Roman became in its turn gradually
less and less European and more and more Oriental
until it, too, withered and expired.

Regarded in the light of the facts the fall of
Rome ceases to be a mystery. The wonder is that
the State lived on after the Romans were extinct
and that the Eastern Empire survived so long with
an ever fading Greek population. In Rome and in
Greece only the language of the dominant race sur-
vived.

So entirely had the blood of the Romans van-
ished in the last days of the Empire that sorry
bands of barbarians wandered at will through the
desolated provinces. Caesar and his legions would
have made short work of these unorganized ban-
ditti but Caesar's legions were a memory, though
one great enough to inspire in the intruders some-
what of awe and desire to imitate. Against in-
vaders, however, brains and brawn are more effec-
tive than tradition &ad culture, however noble
these last may be.

Early ascetic Christianity played a large part in
this decline of the Roman Empire as it was at the
outset the religion of the slave, the meek and the
lowly while Stoicism was the religion of the strong
men of the time. This bias in favor of the weaker

222 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

elements greatly interfered with their elimination
by natural processes and the righting force of the
Empire was gradually undermined. Christianity
was in sharp contrast to the worship of tribal
deities which preceded it and it tended then as
now to break down class and race distinctions.

The maintenance of such distinctions is abso-
lutely essential to race purity in any community
wlien two or more races live side by side.

Race feeling may be called prejudice by those
whose careers are cramped by it but it is a natural
antipathy which serves to maintain the purity of
type. The unfortunate fact that nearly all species
of men interbreed freely leaves us no choice in the
matter. Races must be kept apart by artificial
devices of this sort or they ultimately amalgamate
and in the offspring the more generalized or lower
type prevails.

THE NORDIC RACE OUTSIDE OF EUROPE

We find few traces of Nordic characters outside
of Europe. When Egypt was invaded by the Lib-
yans from the west in 1230 B. C. they were ac-
companied by "sea peoples," probably the Achaean
Greeks. There is some evidence of blondness
among the people of the south shore of the Med-
iterranean down to Greek times and the Tamahu
or fair Libyans are constantly mentioned in Egyp-
tian records. The reddish blond or partly blond
Berbers found to-day on the northern slopes of the
Atlas Mountains may well be their descendants.
That this blondness of the Berbers, though small
in amount, is of Nordic origin we may with safety
assume, but through what channels it came we
have no means of knowing. There is no historic
invasion of north Africa by Nordics except the
Vandal conquests but there seems to be little
probability that this small Teutonic tribe left be-
hind any physical trace in the native population.

There seem to have been traces of Nordic blood

among the Philistines and still more among the

Amorites. Certain references to the size of the sons

of Anak and to the fairness of David, whose mother

223

224 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

was an Amoritish woman, point vaguely in this di-
rection.

References in Chinese annals to the green eyes of
the Wu-suns or to the Hiung-Nu in central Asia are
almost the only evidence we have of the Nordic race
in contact with the peoples of eastern Asia, though
there are statements in ancient Chinese or Mon-
golian records as to the existence of blond and
tall tribes and nations in those parts of northern
Asia where Mongols are now found exclusively.
We may expect to acquire much new light on this
subject during the next few decades.

The so-called blondness of the hairy Ainus of the
northern islands of Japan seems to be due to a trace
of what might be called Proto-Nordic blood. In
hairiness these people are in sharp contrast with
their Mongoloid neighbors but this is a generalized
character common to the highest and the low-
est races of man. The primitive Australoids and
the highly specialized Scandinavians are among
the most hairy populations in the world. So in the
Ainus this somatological peculiarity is merely the
retention of a primitive trait. The occasional
brown or greenish eye and the sometimes fair com-
plexion of the Ainus are, however, suggestive of
Nordic affinities and of an extreme easterly exten-
sion of Proto-Nordics at a very early period.

The skull shape of the Ainus is dolichocephalic or
mesaticephalic, while the broad cheek bones indi-

THE NORDIC RACE OUTSIDE OF EUROPE 225

cate a Mongolian cross as among the Esquimaux.
The Ainus, like many other small, mysterious
peoples, are probably merely the remnants of one
of the early races that are fast fading into extinc-
tion. The division of man into species and sub-
species is very ancient and the chief races of the
earth are the successful survivors of a long and
fierce competition. Many species, subspecies and
races have vanished utterly, except for reversional
characters occasionally found in the larger races.

The only Nordics in Asia Minor, so far as we
know, were the Phrygians who crossed the Helles-
pont about 1400 B. C. as part of the same migra-
tion which brought the Achaeans into Greece, the
Cimmerians who entered by the same route and
also through the Caucasus about 650 B. C. and
still later, in 270 B. C, the Gauls who, coming from
northern Italy through Thrace, founded Galatia.
So far as our present information goes little or no
trace of these invasions remains in the existing
populations of Anatolia. The expansions of the
Persians and the Aryanization of their empire and
the conquests of the Nordics east and south of the
Caspian-Aral Sea, will be discussed in connection
with the spread of Aryan languages.

XI
RACIAL APTITUDES

Such are the three races, the Alpine, the Medi-
terranean and the Nordic, which enter into the
composition of European populations of to-day and
in various combinations comprise the great bulk of
white men all over the world. These races vary
intellectually and morally just as they do physically.
Moral, intellectual and spiritual attributes are as
persistent as physical characters and are trans-
mitted substantially unchanged from generation to
generation. These moral and physical characters
are not limited to one race but given traits do
occur with more frequency in one race than in an-
other. Each race differs in the relative proportion
of what we may term good and bad strains, just as
nations do, or, for that matter, sections and classes
of the same nation.

In considering skull characters we must remem-
ber that, while indicative of independent descent,
the size and shape of the head are not closely re-
lated to brain power. Aristotle was a Mediter-
ranean if we may trust the authenticity of his busts
and had a small, long skull, while Humboldt's

large and characteristically Nordic skull was

236

RACIAL APTITUDES 227

equally dolichocephalic. Socrates and Diogenes
were apparently quite un-Greek and represent rem-
nants of some early race, perhaps of Paleolithic man.
The history of their lives indicates that each was
recognized by his fellow countrymen as in some
degree alien, just as the Jews apparently regarded
Christ as, in some indefinite way, non- Jewish.

Mental, spiritual and moral traits are closely as-
sociated with the physical distinctions among the
different European races, although like somatologi-
cal characters, these spiritual attributes have in
many cases gone astray. Enough remain, how-
ever, to show that certain races have special apti-
tudes for certain pursuits.

The Alpine race is always and everywhere a race
of peasants, an agricultural and never a maritime
race. In fact they only extend to salt water at the
head of the Adriatic and, like all purely agricul-
tural communities throughout Europe, tend toward
democracy, although they are submissive to au-
thority both political and religious being usually
Roman Catholics in western Europe. This race is
essentially of the soil and in towns the type is
mediocre and bourgeois.

The coastal and seafaring populations of north-
ern Europe are everywhere Nordic as far as the
shores of Spain and among Europeans this race is
pre-eminently fitted for maritime pursuits. Enter-
prise at sea during the Middle Ages was in the

228 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

hands of Mediterraneans just as it was originally
developed by Cretans, Phoenicians and Carthagin-
ians but after the Reformation the Nordics seized
and occupied this field almost exclusively.

The Nordics are, all over the world, a race of
soldiers, sailors, adventurers and explorers, but
above all, of rulers, organizers and aristocrats in
sharp contrast to the essentially peasant and demo-
cratic character of the Alpines. The Nordic race
is domineering, individualistic, self-reliant and jeal-
ous of their personal freedom both in political and
religious systems and as a result they are usually
Protestants. Chivalry and knighthood and their
still surviving but greatly impaired counterparts
are peculiarly Nordic traits, and feudalism, class
distinctions and race pride among Europeans are
traceable for the most part to the north.

The social status of woman varies largely with
race but here religion plays a part. In the Roman
Republic and in ancient Germany women were held
in high esteem. In the Nordic countries of to-day
women's rights have received much more recogni-
tion than among the southern nations with their
traditions of Latin culture. To this general state-
ment modern Germany is a marked exception.
The contrast is great between the mental attitude
toward woman of the ancient Teutons and that of
the modern Germans.

The pure Nordic peoples are characterized by a

RACIAL APTITUDES 229

greater stability and steadiness than are mixed peo-
ples such as the Irish, the ancient Gauls and the
Athenians among all of whom the lack of these
qualities was balanced by a correspondingly greater
versatility.

The mental characteristics of the Mediterranean
race are well known and this race, while inferior in
bodily stamina to both the Nordic and the Alpine,
is probably the superior of both, certainly of the Al-
pines, in intellectual attainments. In the field of art
its superiority to both the other European races is
unquestioned, although in literature and in scientific
research and discovery the Nordics far excel it.

Before leaving this interesting subject of the
correlation of spiritual and moral traits with phys-
ical characters we may note that these influences
are so deeply rooted in everyday consciousness
that the modern novelist or playwright does not
fail to make his hero a tall, blond, honest and
somewhat stupid youth and his villain a small, dark
and exceptionally intelligent individual of warped
moral character. So in Celtic legend as in the
Graeco-Roman and mediaeval romances, prince and
princess are always fair, a fact rather indicating
that the mass of the people were brunet at the
time when the legends were taking shape. In
fact, "fair" is a synonym for beauty. Most an-
cient tapestries show a blond earl on horseback
and a dark haired churl holding the bridle.

230 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

The gods of Olympus were almost all described as
blond, and it would be difficult to imagine a Greek
artist painting a brunet Venus. In church pic-
tures all angels are blond, while the denizens of the
lower regions revel in deep brunetness. "Non Angli
sed angeli," remarked Pope Gregory when he first
saw Saxon children exposed for sale in the Roman
slave-mart.

In depicting the crucifixion no artist hesitates to
make the two thieves brunet in contrast to the
blond Saviour. This is something more than a
convention, as such quasi-authentic traditions as
we have of our Lord strongly suggest his Nordic,
possibly Greek, physical and moral attributes.

These and similar traditions clearly point to the
relations of the one race to the other in classic,
mediaeval and modern times. How far they may
be modified by democratic institutions and the rule
of the majority remains to be seen.

The wars of the past two thousand years in Eu-
rope have been almost exclusively wars between
the various nations of this race or between rulers
of Nordic blood.

From a race point of view the present European
conflict is essentially a civil war and nearly all the
officers and a large proportion of the men on both
sides are members of this race. It is the same old
tragedy of mutual butchery and mutual destruc-
tion between Nordics, just as the Nordic nobility

RACIAL APTITUDES 231

of Renaissance Italy seems to have been possessed
with a blood mania to murder one another. It is
the modern edition of the old Berserker blood rage
and is class suicide on a gigantic scale.

At the beginning of the war it was difficult to
say on which side there was the preponderance of
Nordic blood. Flanders and northern France are
more Nordic than south Germany, while the back-
bone of the armies that England put into the field
as well as of those of her colonies was almost
purely Nordic and a large proportion of the Rus-
sian army was of the same race. As heretofore
stated, with America in the war, the greater part
of the Nordics of the world are fighting against
Germany.

Although the writer has limited carefully the
use of the word "Teutonic" to that section of the
Nordic race which originated in Scandinavia and
which later spread over northern Europe, never-
theless this term is unfortunate because it is cur-
rently given a national and not a racial meaning
and is used to denote the populations of the cen-
tral empires. This popular use includes millions
who are un-Teutonic and excludes millions of pure
Teutonic blood who are outside of the political
borders of Austria and Germany and who are bit-
terly hostile to the very name itself.

The present inhabitants of the German Empire,
to say nothing of Austria, are only to a limited ex-

232 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

tent descendants of the ancient Teutonic tribes,
being very largely Alpines, especially in the east
and south. To abandon to the Germans and
Austrians the exclusive right to the name Teuton
or Teutonic would be to acquiesce in one of their
most grandiose pretensions.

XII
ARYA

Having shown the existence in Europe of three
distinct subspecies of man and a single predomi-
nant group of languages called the Aryan or syn-
thetic group, it remains to inquire to which of the
three races can be assigned the honor of inventing,
elaborating and introducing this most highly de-
veloped form of human speech. Our investiga-
tions will show that the facts point indubitably
to an original unity between the Nordic or rather
the Proto-Nordic race and the Proto-Aryan lan-
guage or the generalized, ancestral, Aryan mother
tongue.

Of the three claimants to the honor of being the
original creator of the Aryan group of languages,
we can at once dismiss the Mediterranean race.
The members of this subspecies on the south
shores of the Mediterranean, the Berbers and the
Egyptians, and many peoples in western Asia speak
now and have always spoken Anaryan tongues.
We also know that the speech of the original Pe-
lasgians was not Aryan, that in Crete remnants of
Pre- Aryan speech persisted until about 500 B. C.
and that the Hellenic language was introduced

333

234 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

into ^Egean countries from the north. In Italy the
Etruscan in the north and the Messapian in the
south were Anaryan languages and the ancestral
form of Latin speech in the guise of Umbrian and
Oscan came through the Alps from the countries
beyond.

In Spain a Celtic language was introduced from
the north about 500 B. C. but with so little force
behind it that it was unable to replace entirely
the Anaryan Basque language of at least a portion
of the aborigines.

In Britain, Aryan speech was introduced about
800 B.C. and in France somewhat earlier. In cen-
tral and northern Europe no certain trace of the
Anaryan languages at one time spoken there per-
sists, except among the Lapps and in the neighbor-
hood of the Gulf of Finland, where Non-Aryan
Finnic dialects are spoken to-day by the Finlanders
and the Esthonians.

We thus know the approximate dates of the intro-
duction of Aryan speech into western and southern
Europe and that it came in through the medium
of the Nordic race.

In Spain and in the adjoining parts of France
nearly half a million people continue to speak an
agglutinative language, called Basque or Euska-
rian. In skull shape these Basques correspond
closely with the Aryan-speaking populations around
them, being dolichocephalic in Spain and brachy-

ARYA 235

cephalic or pseudo-brachy cephalic in France. In
the case of both the long skulled and the round
skulled Basques the lower part of the face is long
and thin, with a peculiar and pointed chin and
among the French Basques the skull is broadened
in the temporal region. In other words, their faces
show certain secondary racial characters which have
been imposed by selection upon a people composed
originally of two races of independent origin, but
long isolated by the limitations of language.

The Euskarian language is believed to have been
related to the ancient Iberian but has affinities
which point to Asia as its place of origin and make
possible the hypothesis that it may have been de-
rived from the ancient language of the Proto- Alpines
in the west.

The problem of the extinct Ligurian language
must be considered in this connection. It seems to
have been Anaryan, but we do not know whether
it was the speech originally of Alpines or of Med-
iterraneans either of whom could be reasonably
considered as a claimant.

Other than the Basque language there are in
western Europe but few remains of Pre-Aryan
speech, and these are found chiefly in place names
and in a few obscure words.

Remnants of Anaryan speech exist here and there
throughout European Russia, but many of them
can be traced to historic invasions. Until we reach

236 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

the main body of Ural-Altaic speech in the east of
Russia, the Esthonians, with kindred tribes of Li-
vonians and Tchouds, and the Finns are the only
peoples who speak Non-Aryan tongues, but the
physical type with the exception of the skull shape
of all these tribes is distinctly Nordic. In this con-
nection the Lapps and related groups in the far
north can be disregarded.

The problem of the Finns is a difficult one. The
coast of Finland, of course, is purely Swedish, but
the great bulk of the population in the interior is
brachycephalic, though otherwise thoroughly Nor-
dic in type.

The Anaryan Finnish, Esthonian and Livonian
languages were probably introduced at the same
time as were round skulls into Finland. The
shores of the Gulf of Finland were originally in-
habited by Nordics and the intrusion of round
skulled Finns probably came soon after the Chris-
tian era. This immigration and that of the Livo-
nians and Esthonians may possibly have been part
of the same movement which brought the Alpine
Wends into eastern Germany. The earliest refer-
ences to the Finns that we have locate them in
central Russia.

The most important Anaryan language in Europe
is the Magyar of Hungary, but this we know was in-
troduced from the eastward at the end of the ninth
century, as was the earlier but now extinct Avar.

ARYA 2.37

In the Balkans the language of the Turks has
never been a vernacular as it is in Asia Minor. In
Europe it was spoken only by the soldiers and the
civil administrators and by very sparse colonies
of Turkish settlers. The mania of the Turks for
white women, which is said to have been one of the
motives that led to the conquest of the Byzantine
Empire, has unconsciously resulted in the oblitera-
tion of the Mongoloid type of the original Asiatic
invaders. Persistent crossing with Circassian and
Georgian women, as well as with slaves of every
race in Asia Minor and in Europe with whom they
came in contact, has made the European Turk
of to-day indistinguishable in physical characters
from his Christian neighbors. At the same time,
polygamy has greatly strengthened the hold of the
dominant Turk. In fact, among the upper classes
of the higher races monogamy and the resultant
limitation in number of offspring has been a source
of weakness from the viewpoint of race expansion.
The Turks of Seljukian and Osmanli origin were
never numerous and the Sultan's armies were
largely composed of Islamized Anatolians and Eu-
ropeans.

In Persia and India, also, the Aryan languages
were introduced from the north at known periodsf
so in view of all these facts the Mediterranean
race cannot claim the honor of either the inven-
tion or dissemination of the synthetic languages

238 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

The chief claim of the Alpine race of central Eu-
rope and western Asia to the invention and intro-
duction into Europe of the Proto-Aryan form of
speech rests on the fact that nearly all the members
of this race in Europe speak well developed Aryan
languages, chiefly in some form of Slavic. This
fact taken by itself may have no more significance
than the fact that the Mediterranean race in
Spain, Italy and France speaks Romance lan-
guages, but it is, nevertheless, an argument of some
weight.

Outside of Europe the Armenians and other
Armenoid brachycephalic peoples of Asia Minor
and the Iranian Highlands, all of Alpine race, to-
gether with a few isolated tribes of the Caucasus,
speak Aryan languages and these peoples lie on
the highroad along which knowledge of the metals
and other cultural developments entered Europe.

If the Aryan language were invented and de-
veloped by these Armenoid Alpines we should be
obliged to assume that they introduced it along
with bronze culture into Europe about 3000 B. C.
and taught the Nordics both their language and
their metal culture. There are, however, in west-
ern Asia many Alpine peoples who do not speak
Aryan languages and yet are Alpine in type, such
as the Turcomans and in Asia Minor the so-
called Turks are also largely Islamized Alpines of
the Armenoid subspecies who speak Turki. There

ARYA 239

is no trace of Aryan speech south of the Caucasus
until after 1700 B. C. and the Hittite language
spoken before that date in central and eastern
Asia Minor, although not yet clearly deciphered,
was Anaryan to the best of our present knowl-
edge. The Hittites themselves were probably an-
cestral to the living Armenians.

We are sufficiently acquainted with the languages
of the ancient Mesopotamian countries to know
that the speech of Accad and Sumer, of Susa and
Media was agglutinative and that the languages of
Assyria and of Palestine were Semitic. The speech
of the Kassites was Anaryan, but they seem to have
been in contact with the horse-using Nordics and
some of their leaders bore Aryan names. The
language of the shortlived empire of the Mitanni
in the foothills south of Armenia is the only one
about the character of which there can be serious
doubt. There is, therefore, much negative evidence
against the existence of Aryan speech in that part
of the world earlier than its known introduction
by Nordics.

If, then, the last great expansion into Europe of
the Alpine race brought from Asia the Aryan
mother tongue, as well as the knowledge of metals,
we must assume that all the members of the Nor-
dic race thereupon adopted synthetic speech from
the Alpines.

We know that these Alpines reached Britain

240 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

about 1800 B. C. and probably they had previously
occupied much of Gaul, so that if they are to be
credited with the introduction of the synthetic
languages into western Europe, it is difficult to
understand why we have no known trace of
any form of Aryan speech in central Europe or
west of the Rhine prior to 1000 B. C. while we
have some, though scanty, evidence of Non-Aryan
languages.

It may be said in favor of this claim of the Al-
pine race to be the original inventor of synthetic
speech, that language is ever a measure of culture
and the higher forms of civilization are greatly
hampered by the limitations of speech imposed
by the less highly evolved languages, namely, the
monosyllabic and the agglutinative, which include
nearly all the Non-Aryan languages of the world.
It does not seem probable that barbarians, how-
ever fine in physical type and however well en-
dowed with the potentiality of intellectual and
moral development, dwelling as hunters in the
bleak and barren north along the edge of the re-
treating glaciers and as nomad shepherds in the
Russian grasslands, could have evolved a more
complicated and higher form of articulate speech
than the inhabitants of southwestern Asia, who
many thousand years earlier were highly civilized
and are known to have invented the arts of agri-
culture, metal working and domestication of ani-

ARYA 241

mals, as well as of writing and pottery. Never-
theless, such seems to be the fact.

To summarize, it appears that a study of the
Mediterranean race shows that so far from being
purely European, it is equally African and Asiatic
and that in the narrow coastal fringe of southern
Persia, in India and even farther east the last
strains of this race gradually fade into the Negroids
through prolonged cross breeding. A similar in-
quiry into the origin and distribution of the Alpine
subspecies shows clearly the fundamentally Asiatic
origin of the type and that on its easternmost
borders in central Asia it marches with the round
skulled Mongols, and that neither the one nor the
other was the inventor of Aryan speech.

XIII
ORIGIN OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES

By the process of elimination set forth in the pre-
ceding chapter we are compelled to acknowledge
that the strongest claimant for the honor of being
the race of the original Aryans, is the tall, blond
Nordic. An analysis of the various languages of
the Aryan group reveals an extreme diversity which
can be best explained by the hypothesis that the
existing languages are now spoken by people upon
whom Aryan speech has been forced from with-
out. This theory corresponds exactly with the
known historic fact that the Aryan languages, dur-
ing the last three or four thousand years at least
have, again and again, been imposed by Nordics
upon populations of Alpine and Mediterranean
blood.

Within the present distributional area of the

Nordic race on the Gulf of Riga and in the very

middle of a typical area of isolation, are the most

generalized members of the Aryan group, namely

Lettish and Lithuanian, both almost Proto-Aryan

in character. Close at hand existed the closely

related Old Prussian or Borussian, very recently

24*

ORIGIN OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES 243

extinct. These archaic languages are relatively
close to Sanskrit and exist in actual contact with
the Anaryan speech of the Esthonians and Finns.

The Anaryan languages in eastern Russia are
Ugrian, a form of speech which extends far into
Asia and which appears to contain elements which
unite it with synthetic speech and may be dimly
transitory in character. In the opinion of many
philologists, a primitive form of Ugrian might have
given birth to the Proto- Aryan ancestor of existing
synthetic languages.

This hypothesis, if sustained by further study,
will provide additional evidence that the site of
the development of the Aryan languages and of
the Nordic subspecies was in eastern Europe,
in a region which is close to the meeting place be-
tween the most archaic synthetic languages and
the most nearly related Anaryan tongue, the ag-
glutinative Ugrian.

The Aryan tongue was introduced into Greece
by the Achaeans about 1400 B. C. and later, about
1 100 B. C. by the true Hellenes, who brought in
the classic dialects of Dorian, Ionian and JF.olia.n.

These Aryan languages superseded their Anar-
yan predecessor, the Pelasgian. From the lan-
guage of these early invaders came the Illyrian,
Thracian, Albanian, classic Greek and the debased
modern Romaic, a descendant of the Ionian dia-
lect.

244 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Aryan speech was introduced among the Anar-
yan-speaking Etruscans of the Italian Peninsula
by the Umbrians and Oscans about noo B. C.
and from the language of these conquerors was de-
rived Latin which later spread to the uttermost
confines of the Roman Empire. Its descendants
to-day are the Romance tongues spoken within
the ancient imperial boundaries, Portuguese on the
west, Castilian, Catalan, Provencal, French, the
Langue d'oil of the Walloons, Romansch, Ladin,
Friulian, Tuscan, Calabrian and Rumanian.

The problem of the existence of a language
clearly descended from Latin, the Rumanian, in the
eastern Carpathians cut off by Slavic and Magyar
tongues from the nearest Romance tongues presents
difficulties. The Rumanians themselves make two
claims; the first, which can be safely disregarded,
is an unbroken linguistic descent from a group of
Aryan languages which occupied this whole section
of Europe, from which Latin was derived and of
which Albanian is also a remnant.

The more serious claim, however, made by the
Rumanians is to linguistic and racial descent from
the military colonists planted by the Emperor
Trajan in the great Dacian plain north of the
Danube. This may be possible, so far as the lan-
guage is concerned, but there are some weighty ob-
jections to it.

We have little evidence for, and much against, the

ORIGIN OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES 245

existence of Rumanian speech north of the Danube
for nearly a thousand years after Rome abandoned
this outlying region. Dacia was one of the last
provinces to be occupied by Rome and was the
first from which the legions were withdrawn upon
the decline of the Empire. The northern Car-
pathians, furthermore, where the Rumanians claim
to have taken refuge during the barbarian inva-
sions formed part of the Slavic homeland and it
was in these same mountains and in the Ruthenian
districts of eastern Galicia that the Slavic lan-
guages were developed, probably by the Sarmatians
and Venethi, from whence they spread in all di-
rections in the centuries that immediately followed
the fall of Rome. So it is almost impossible to
credit the survival of a frontier community of
Romanized natives situated not only in the path
of the great invasions of Europe from the east,
but also in the very spot where Slavic tongues
were at the time evolving.

Rumanian speech occupies large areas outside
of the present kingdom of Rumania, in Russian
Bessarabia, Austrian Bukowina and above all in
Hungarian Transylvania.

The linguistic problem is further complicated
by the existence in the Pindus Mountains of Thes-
saly of another large community of Vlachs of Ru-
manian speech. How this later community could
have survived from Roman times until to-day,

246 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

untouched either by the Greek language of the
Byzantine Empire or by the Turkish conquest is
another difficult problem.

The evidence, on the whole, points to the descent
of the Vlachs from the early inhabitants of Thrace,
who adopted Latin speech in the first centuries of
the Christian era and clung to it during the dom-
ination of the Bulgarians from the seventh cen-
tury onward in the lands south of the Danube. In
the thirteenth century the mass of these Vlachs,
leaving scattered remnants behind them, crossed
the Danube and founded Little and Great Walla-
chia. From there they spread into Transylvania
and a century later into Moldavia.

The solution of this problem receives no assist-
ance from anthropology, as these Rumanian-
speaking populations both on the Danube and in
the Pindus Mountains in no way differ physically
from their neighbors on all sides. But through
whatever channel they acquired their Latin speech
the Rumanians of to-day can lay no valid claim to
blood descent even in a remote degree from the
true Romans.

The first Aryan languages known in western
Europe were the Celtic group which first appears
west of the Rhine about 1000 B. C.

Only a few dim traces of Pre- Aryan speech have
been found in the British Isles, and these largely
in place names. The Pre-Aryan language of the

ORIGIN OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES 247

Pre-Nordic population of Britain may have sur-
vived down to historic times as Pictish.

In Britain, Celtic speech was introduced in two
successive waves, first by the Goidels or "Q" Celts,
who apparently appeared about 800 B. C. and this
form exists to this day as Erse in western Ireland,
as Manx of the Isle of Man and as Gaelic in the
Scottish Highlands.

The Goidels were still in a state of bronze cul-
ture. When they reached Britain they must have
found there a population preponderantly of Med-
iterranean type with numerous remains of still ear-
lier races of Paleolithic times and also some round
skulled Alpines of the Round Barrows, who have
since largely faded from the living population.
When the next invasion, the Cymric or Brythonic,
occurred the Goidels had been absorbed very largely
by the underlying Mediterranean aborigines who
had meanwhile accepted the Goidelic form of Celtic
speech, just as on the continent the Gauls had
mixed with Alpine and Mediterranean natives and
had imposed upon the conquered their own tongue.
In fact, in Britain, Gaul and Spain the Goidels and
Gauls were chiefly a ruling, military class, while the
great bulk of the population remained unchanged
although Aryanized in speech.

These Brythonic or Cymric tribes or "P" Celts
followed the "Q" Celts four or five hundred years
later, and drove the Goidels westward through Ger-

248 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

many, Gaul and Britain and this movement of
population was still going on when Caesar crossed
the Channel. The Brythonic group gave rise to
the modern Cornish, extinct within a century, the
Cymric of Wales and the Armorican of Brittany.

In central Europe we find traces of these same
two forms of Celtic speech with the Goidelic every-
where the older and the Cymric the more recent
arrival. The cleavage between the dialects of the
"Q" Celts and the "P" Celts was probably less
marked two thousand years ago than at present,
since in their modern form they are both Neo- Celtic
languages. What vestiges of Celtic languages re-
main in France belong to Brythonic. Celtic was
not generally spoken in Aquitaine in Caesar's time.

When the two Celtic-speaking races came into
conflict in Britain their original relationship had
been greatly obscured by the crossing of the Goi-
dels with the underlying dark Mediterranean race
of Neolithic culture and by the mixture of the
Belgae with Teutonic tribes. The result was that
the Brythons did not distinguish between the blond
Goidels and the brunet but Celticized Mediterra-
neans as they all spoke Goidelic dialects.

In the same way when the Saxons and the An-
gles entered Britain they found there a population
speaking Celtic of some form, either Goidelic or
Cymric and promptly called them all Welsh (for-
eigners). These Welsh were preponderantly of

ORIGIN OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES 249

Mediterranean type with some mixture of a blond
Goidel strain and a much stronger blond strain of
Cymric origin and these same elements exist to-day
in England. The Mediterranean race is easily dis-
tinguished, but the physical types derived from
Goidel and Brython alike are merged and lost in
the later floods of pure Nordic blood, Angle, Saxon,
Dane, Norse and Norman. In this primitive,
dark population with successive layers of blond
Nordics imposed upon it, each one more purely
Nordic and in the relative absence of round heads
lie the secret and the solution of the anthropology
of the British Isles. This Iberian substratum was
able to absorb to a large extent the earlier Celtic-
speaking invaders, both Goidels and Brythons,
but it is only just beginning to seriously threaten
the later Nordics and to reassert its ancient brunet
characters after three thousand years of submer-
gence.

In northwest Scotland there is a Gaelic-speaking
area where the place names are all Scandinavian
and the physical types purely Nordic. This is
the only spot in the British Isles where Celtic
speech has reconquered a district from the Teu-
tonic languages and it was the site of one of the
conquests of the Norse Vikings, probably in the
early centuries of the Christian era. In Caithness
in north Scotland, as well as in some isolated
spots on the Irish coasts, the language of these

250 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

same Norse pirates persisted within a century. In
the fifth century of our era and after the break-up
of Roman domination in Britain there was much
racial unrest and a back wave of Goidels crossed
from Ireland and either reintroduced or reinforced
the Gaelic speech in the highlands. Later, Goidelic
speech was gradually driven northward and west-
ward by the intrusive English of the lowlands and
was ultimately forced over this originally Norse-
speaking area. We have elsewhere in Europe evi-
dence of similar shiftings of speech without any
corresponding change in the blood of the popula-
tion.

Except in the British Isles and in Brittany Celtic
languages have left no modern descendants, but
have everywhere been replaced by languages of Neo-
Latin or of Teutonic origin. Outside of Brittany
one of the last, if not quite the last, reference to
Celtic speech in Gaul is the historic statement
that "Celtic" tribes, as well as " Armoricans," took
part at Chalons in the great victory in 451 A. D.
over Attila the Hun and his confederacy of sub-
ject nations.

On the continent the only existing populations
of Celtic speech are the primitive inhabitants of
central Brittany, a population noted for their re-
ligious fanaticism and for other characteristics of a
backward people. This Celtic speech is claimed to
have been introduced about 450-500 A. D. by

ORIGIN OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES 251

Britons fleeing from the Saxons. These refugees,
if there were any substantial number of them, must
have been dolichocephs of either Mediterranean or
Nordic race or both. We are asked by this tradi-
tion to believe that their long skull was lost, but
that their language was adopted by the round
skulled Alpine population of Armorica. It is much
more probable that the Cymric-speaking Alpines
of Brittany have merely retained in this isolated
corner of France a form of Celtic speech which was
prevalent throughout northern Gaul and Britain
before these provinces were conquered by Rome
and Latinized and which, perhaps, was reinforced
later by British Cymry. Caesar remarked that
there was little difference between the speech of the
Belgae in northern Gaul and in Britain. In both
cases the speech was Cymric.

Long after the conquest of Gaul by the Goths
and Franks Teutonic speech remained predominant
among the ruling classes and, by the time it suc-
cumbed to the Latin tongue of the Romanized na-
tives, the old Celtic languages had been entirely
forgotten outside of Brittany.

An example of similar changes of language is
to be found in Normandy where the country was
inhabited by the Nordic Belgae speaking a Cymric
language before that tongue was replaced by Latin.
This coast was ravaged about 300 or 400 A. D. by
Saxons who formed settlements along both sides

252 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

of the Channel and the coasts of Brittany which
were later known as the Litus Saxonicum. Their
progress can best be traced by place names as our
historic record of these raids is scanty.

The Normans landed in Normandy in the year
911 A. D. They were heathen, Danish barbarians,
speaking a Teutonic tongue. The religion, culture
and language of the old Romanized populations
worked a miracle in the transformation of every-
thing except blood in one short century. So quick
was the change that 155 years later the descend-
ants of the same Normans landed in England as
Christian Frenchmen armed with all the culture of
their period. The change was startling, but the
Norman blood remained unchanged and entered
England as a substantially Nordic type.

XIV
THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA

In the JEgean region and south of the Caucasus
Nordics appear after 1700 B. C. but there were
unquestionably invasions and raids from the
north for many centuries previous to our first
records. These early migrations were probably
not in sufficient force to modify the blood of the
autochthonous races or to substitute Aryan lan-
guages for the ancient Mediterranean and Asiatic
tongues.

These men of the North came from the grass-
lands of Russia in successive waves and among
the first of whom we have fairly clear knowledge
were the Achaeans and Phrygians. Aryan names
are mentioned in the dim chronicles of the Meso-
potamian empires about 1700 B. C. among the
Kassites and later, Mitanni. Aryan names of
prisoners captured beyond the mountains in the
north and of Aryan deities before whom oaths
were taken are recorded about 1400 B. C. but one
of the first definite accounts of Nordics south of the
Caucasus describes the presence of Nordic Persians
at Lake Urmia about 900 B. C. There were many
incursions from that time on, the Cimmerians raid-

253

254 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

ing across the Caucasus as early as 650 B. C. and
shortly afterward overrunning all Asia Minor.

The easterly extension of the Russian steppes or
Kiptchak north of the Caspian-Aral Sea in Turke-
stan as far as the foothills of the Pamirs was oc-
cupied by the Sacae or Massagetae, who were also
Nordics and akin to the Cimmerians and Persians,
as were, perhaps, the Ephtalites or White Huns in
Sogdiana north of Persia, destroyed by the Turks
in the sixth century.

For several centuries groups of Nordics drifted
as nomad shepherds across the Caucasus into the
empire of the Medes, introducing little by little
the Aryan tongue which later developed into Old
Persian. By 550 B. C. these Persians had become
sufficiently numerous to overthrow their rulers and
under the leadership of the great Cyrus they organ-
ized the Persian Empire, one of the most enduring of
Oriental states. The base of the population of the
Persian Empire rested on the round skulled Medes
who belonged to the Armenoid subdivision of the
Alpines. Under the leadership of their priestly
caste of Magi these Medes rebelled again and again
against their Nordic masters before the two peoples
became fused.

From 525 to 485 B. C. during the reign of
Darius, whose sculptured portraits show a man of
pure Nordic type, the tall, blond Persians had be-
come almost exclusively a class of great ruling

THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA 255

nobles and had forgotten the simplicity of their
shepherd ancestors. Their language belonged to
the Eastern or Iranian division of Aryan speech
and was known as Old Persian, which continued
to be spoken until the fourth century before the
Christian era. From it were derived Pehlevi, or
Parthian as well as modern Persian. The great
book of the old Persians, the Avesta, which was
written in Zendic, also an Iranian language, does
not go back to the reign of Darius and was re-
modelled after the Christian era, but the Old Per-
sian of Darius was closely related to the Zendic of
Bactria and to the Sanskrit of Hindustan. From
Zendic, also called Medic, are derived Ghalcha,
Balochi, Kurdish and other dialects.

The rise to imperial power of the dolichocephalic
Aryan-speaking Persians was largely due to the
genius of their leaders but the Aryanization of
western Asia by them is one of the most amazing
events in history. The whole region became com-
pletely transformed so far as the acceptance by the
conquered of the language and religion of the Per-
sians was concerned, but the blood of the Nordic
race quickly became diluted and a few centuries
later disappears from history.

During the great wars with Greece the pure
Persian blood was still unimpaired and in con-
trol. In the literature of the time there is little
evidence, of race antagonism between the Greek

256 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

and the Persian leaders although their rival cul-
tures were sharply contrasted. In the time of
Alexander the Great the pure Persian blood was
obviously confined to the nobles and it was the
policy of Alexander to Hellenize the Persians and
to amalgamate his Greeks with them. The amount
of pure Macedonian blood was not sufficient to
reinforce the Nordic strain of the Persians and
the net result was the entire loss of the Greek
stock.

It is a question whether the Armenians of Asia
Minor derived their Aryan speech from this inva-
sion of the Nordic Persians, or whether they received
it at an earlier date from the Phrygians and from
the west. These Phrygians entered Asia Minor
by way of the Dardanelles and broke up the Hit-
tite Empire. Their language was Aryan and prob-
ably was related to Thracian. In favor of the
theory of the introduction of the Armenian lan-
guage by the Phrygians from the west, rather
than by the Persians from the east, is the highly
significant fact that the basic structure of that
tongue shows its relationship to be with the west-
ern or Centum rather than with the eastern or
Satem group of Aryan languages and this, too, in
spite of a very large Persian vocabulary.

The Armenians themselves, like all the other
natives of the plateaux and highlands as far east
as the Hindu Kush Mountains, while of Aryan

THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA 257

speech, are of the Armenoid subdivision, in sharp
contrast to the predominant types south of the
mountains in Persia, Afghanistan and Hindustan,
all of which are dolichocephalic and of Mediter-
ranean affinity but generally betraying traces of
admixture with still more ancient races of Negroid
origin, especially in India.

We now come to the last and easternmost exten-
sion of Aryan languages in Asia. As mentioned
above, the grasslands and steppes of Russia ex-
tend north of the Caucasus Mountains and the
Caspian Sea to ancient Bactria, now Turkestan.
This whole country was occupied by the Nordic
Sacae and the closely related Massagetae. These
Sacae may be identical with the later Scythians.

Soon after the opening of the second millennium
B. C. and perhaps even earlier, the first Nordics
crossed over the Afghan passes, entered the plains
of India and organized a state in the Punjab, "the
land of the five rivers," bringing with them Aryan
speech to a population probably of Mediterranean
type and represented to-day by the Dravidians.
The Nordic Sacae arrived later in India and intro-
duced the Vedas, religious poems, which were at
first transmitted orally but which were reduced to
written form in Old Sanskrit by the Brahmans at
the comparatively late date of 300 A. D. From
this classic Sanskrit are derived all the modern
Aryan languages of Hindustan, as well as the

^58 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Singalese of Ceylon and the chief dialects of
Assam.

There is great diversity among scholars as to the
date of the first entry of these Aryan-speaking
tribes into the Punjab but the consensus of opinion
seems to indicate a period between 1600 and 1700
B. C. or even somewhat earlier. However, the very
close affinity of Sanskrit to the Old Persian of
Darius and to the Zenda vesta would strongly indi-
cate that the final introduction of Aryan languages
in the form of Sanskrit occurred at a much later
time. The most recent tendency is to bring these
dates somewhat forward.

If close relationship between languages indicates
correlation in time then the entry of the Sacae into
India would appear to have been nearly simultane-
ous with the crossing of the Caucasus by the Nor-
dic Cimmerians and their Persian successors.

The relationship between the Zendavesta and
the Sanskrit Vedas is as near as that between High
and Low German and consequently such close
affinity prevents our thrusting back the date of the
separation of the Persians and the Sacae more than
a few centuries.

A simultaneous migration of nomad shepherds
on both sides of the Caspian-Aral Sea would nat-
urally occur in a general movement southward
and such migrations may have taken place several
times. In all probability these Nordic invasions

THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA 259

occurred one after another for a thousand years or
more, the later ones obscuring and blurring the
memory of their predecessors.

When shepherd tribes leave their grasslands
and attack their agricultural neighbors, the reason
is nearly always a famine due to prolonged drought
and causes such as these have again and again in
history put the nomad tribes in motion over large , J
areas. During many centuries fresh tribes com- /
posed of Nordics or under the leadership of Nor-
dics but all Aryan-speaking, poured over the
Afghan passes from the northwest and pushed be-
fore them the earlier arrivals. Clear traces of these/
successive floods of conquerors are to be found in
the Vedas themselves.

The Zendic form of the Iranian group of Aryan
languages was spoken by those Sacae who remained
in old Bactria and from it is derived a whole group
of closely related dialects still used in the Pamirs of
which Ghalcha is the best known.

The Sacae and Massagetae were, like the Persians,
tall, blond dolichocephs and they have left behind
them dim traces of their blood among the living
Mongolized nomads of Turkestan, the Kirghizes.
Ancient Bactria maintained its Nordic and Aryan
aspect long after Alexander's time and did not be-
come Mongolized and receive the sinister name of
Turkestan until the seventh century, when it was
the first victim of the series of ferocious invasions

260 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

from the north and east, which under various
Mongol leaders destroyed civilization in Asia and
threatened its existence in Europe. These con-
quests culminated in 1241 A. D. at Wahlstatt in
Silesia where the Germans, though themselves
badly defeated, put a final limit to this westward
rush of Asiatics.

The Sacae were the most easterly members of
the Nordic race of whom we have definite record.
The Chinese knew well these "green eyed devils,,,
whom they called by their Tatar name, the "Wu-
suns," — the tall ones — and with whom they came
into contact about 200 B. C. in what is now Chi-
nese Turkestan. Other Nordic tribes are recorded
in this region. Evidence is accumulating that cen-
tral Asia had a large Nordic population in the
centuries preceding the Christian era. The discov-
ery of the Aryan Tokharian language in Chinese
Turkestan considered in connection with other
facts indicates intensive occupation by Nordics of
territories in central Asia now wholly Mongol, just
as in Europe dark-haired Alpines occupy large ter-
ritories where in Roman times fair haired Nordics
were preponderant. In short we find both in Eu-
rope and in western and central Asia the same
record of Nordic decline during the last two thou-
sand years and their replacement by races of in-
ferior value and civilization.

This Tokharian is undoubtedly a pure Aryan

THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA 261

language related, curiously enough, to the western
group rather than to the Indo-Iranian. It has
been deciphered from inscriptions recently found
in northeast Turkestan and was a living language
prior to the ninth century A. D.

Of all the wonderful conquests of the Sacae there
remain as evidence of their invasions only these
Indian and Afghan languages. Dim traces of
their blood have been found in the Pamirs and
in Afghanistan, but in the south their blond traits
have vanished, even from the Punjab. It may be
that the stature of some of the Afghan hill tribes
and of the Sikhs and some of the facial characters
of the latter are derived from this source, but all
blondness of skin, hair or eye of the original Sacae
has utterly vanished.

The long skulls all through India are to be at-
tributed to the Mediterranean race rather than to
this Nordic invasion, while the Pre-Dra vidians and
Negroids of south India, with which the former are
largely mixed, are also dolichocephs.

In short, the introduction in Iran and India of
Aryan languages, Iranian, Ghalchic and Sanskrit,
represents a linguistic and not an ethnic conquest.

In concluding this revision of the racial founda-
tions upon which the history of Europe has been
based it is scarcely necessary to point out that the
actual results of the spectacular conquests and in-

262 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

vasions of history have been far less permanent
than those of the more insidious victories arising
from the crossing of two diverse races and that in
such mixtures the relative prepotency of the vari-
ous human subspecies in Europe appears to be in
inverse ratio to their social value.

The continuity of physical traits and the limi-
tation of the effects of environment to the indi-
vidual only are now so thoroughly recognized by
scientists that it is at most a question of time when
the social consequences which result from such
crossings will be generally understood by the public
at large. ('As soon as the true bearing and import
of the facts are appreciated by lawmakers a com-
plete change in our political structure will inevitably
occur and our present reliance on the influence of
education will be superseded by a readjustment
based on racial values. )>

Bearing in mind the extreme antiquity of physi-
cal and spiritual characters and the persistency
with which they outlive those elements of environ-
ment termed language, nationality and forms of
government, we must consider the relation of these
facts to the development of the race in America.
We may be certain that the progress of evolution
is in full operation to-day under those laws of na-
ture which control it and that the only sure guide
to the future lies in the study »f the operation of
these laws in the past.

THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA 263

We Americans must realize that the altruistic
ideals which have controlled our social develop-
ment during the past century and the maudlin sen-
timentalism that has made America "an asylum
for the oppressed," are sweeping the nation toward
a racial abyss. If the Melting Pot is allowed to
boil without control and we continue to follow our
national motto and deliberately blind ourselves to
all "distinctions of race, creed or color," the type
of native American of Colonial descent will be-
come as extinct as the Athenian of the age of Per-
icles, and the Viking of the days of Rollo.

APPENDIX

The maps shown facing pages 266, 268, 270, and 272 of
this book attempt in broad and somewhat hypothetical lines
to represent by means of color diagrams the original distri-
bution and the subsequent expansion and migration of the
three main European races, the Mediterranean, the Alpine
and the Nordic, as outlined in this book.

The Maximum Expansion of the Alpines with
Bronze Culture, 3000-1800 B. C.

The first map (PL I) shows the distribution of these races
at the close of the Neolithic, as well as their later expansion.
It also indicates the sites of earlier cultures. The distribu-
tion of megaliths in Asia Minor on the north coast of Africa
and up the Atlantic seaboard through Spain, France and
Britain to Scandinavia is set forth. These great stone
monuments were seemingly the work of the Mediterranean
race using, however, a culture of bronze acquired from the
Alpines. The map also shows the sites throughout Russia
of the kurgans, or ancient artificial mounds, distribution of
which seems to correspond closely with the original habitat
of the Nordics.

In southwestern France there is indicated the area where
the Cro-Magnon race persisted longest and where traces of it
are still to be found. The site is shown of the type station
of the latest phase of the Paleolithic known as the Mas
d'Azil — a great cavern in the eastern Pyrenees from which
that period took its name of Azilian.

At the entrance of the Baltic Sea is also shown the type
station of the Maglemose culture which flourished at the
close of the Paleolithic and was probably the work of early
Nordics.

In the centre of the district occupied by the Alpines is
located Robenhausen, the most characteristic of the Neolithic

265

266 APPENDIX

lake dwelling stations and also the Terramara stations in
which a culture transitional between the Neolithic and the
Bronze existed. In the Tyrol the site is indicated of the
village of Hallstatt, which gave its name to the first iron
culture.

The site of La Tene at the north end of Lake Neuchatel
in Switzerland is also shown. From this village the La
Tene Iron Age takes its name.

The difficulty of depicting the shifting of races during
twelve centuries is not easily overcome, but the map attempts
to show that at the close of the Neolithic all the coast
lands of the Mediterranean and of the Atlantic seaboard up
to Germany and including the British Isles were populated
by the Mediterranean race, in addition, of course, to rem-
nants of earlier Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons, who prob-
ably, at that date, still formed an appreciable portion of
the population.

The yellow arrows indicate the route of the migrations of
Mediterranean man, who appears to have entered Europe
from the east along the African littoral. But the main in-
vasions passed up through Spain and Gaul into the British
Isles, where from that time to this they have formed the
substratum of the population. In the central portion of
their range these Mediterraneans were swamped by the
Alpines, as shown by the spreading green, while in northern
Gaul and Britain the Mediterraneans were submerged after-
ward by Nordics, as appears on the later maps.

The arrows and routes of migration shown on the yellow
area of this map indicate changes which occurred during the
Neolithic and perhaps earlier, but the pink and red arrows in
the northern and southeastern portions represent migrations
which were in full swing and in fact were steadily increasing
during the entire period involved. The next map shows
these Nordics bursting out of their original homeland in
every direction and in their turn conquering Europe.

Between these two races, the Mediterranean and the Nor-
dic, there entered a great intrusion of Alpines, flowing from
the highlands of western Asia through Asia Minor and up
the valley of the Danube throughout central Europe and

APPENDIX 267

thence expanding in every direction. Forerunners of these
same Alpines were found in western Europe as far back as
the closing Azilian phase of the Paleolithic, where they are
known as the Furfooz-Grenelle race and are thus contem-
porary in western Europe with the earliest Mediterraneans.

During all the Neolithic the Alpines occupied the moun-
tainous core of Europe, but their great and final expansion
occurred at the close of the Neolithic and the beginning of
the Bronze Period, when a new and extensive Alpine invasion
from the region of the Armenian highlands brought in the
Bronze culture. This last migration apparently followed the
routes of the earlier invasions and, in the extreme south-
west, it even reached Spain in small numbers, where its
remnants can still be found in the Cantabrian Alps. The
Alpines occupied all Savoy and central France, where from
that day to this they constitute the bulk of the peasant
population. They reached Brittany and to-day that pe-
ninsula is their westernmost outpost. They crossed over in
small numbers to Britain and some even reached Ireland.
In England they were the men of the Round Barrows, but
nearly all trace of this invasion has vanished from the liv-
ing population.

The Alpines also reached Holland, Denmark and south-
western Norway and traces of their colonization in these
countries are still found.

The author has attempted to indicate the lines of this
Alpine expansion by means of the solid green spreading over
central Europe and Asia Minor, with outlying dots showing
the outer limits of the invasion. Black arrows proceeding
from the east denote its main lines and routes. Those
Alpines who crossed the Caucasus passed through southern
Russia and a side wave of the same migration passed down
the Syrian coast to Egypt and along the north coast of
Africa, entering Italy by way of Sicily. The last African
invasion left behind it the Giza round skulls of Egypt.
This final Alpine expansion taught the other races of Europe,
both Mediterranean and Nordic, the art of metallurgy.

The Nordics apparently originated in southern Russia,
but long before the Bronze Period they had spread north-

268 APPENDIX

ward across the Baltic into Scandinavia, where they special-
ized into the race now known as the Scandinavian or Teu-
tonic. On the map the continental Nordics are indicated
by pink and the Nordics of Scandinavia are shown in red.
At the very end of the period covered by this map, these
Scandinavian Nordics were beginning to return to the con-
tinent. The routes of these migrations and their extent are
indicated by red arrows and circles respectively.

To sum up, this map shows the expansion from central
Asia of the round skull Alpines across central Europe, sub-
merging, in the south and west, the little, dark, long skulled
Mediterraneans of Neolithic culture, while at the same time
they pressed heavily upon the Nordics in the north and intro-
duced Bronze culture among them.

This development of the Alpines at the expense of the
Mediterraneans had a permanent influence in western Eu-
rope, but in the north their impress was of a more temporary
character. It is probable that in the first instance they
were able to conquer the Nordics by reason of the superi-
ority of bronze weapons to stone hatchets. But no sooner
had they imparted the knowledge of the manufacture and
use of metal weapons and tools to the Nordics than the latter
turned on their conquerors and completely mastered them,
as appears on the next map.

The Expansion of the Pre-Teutonic Nordics,
1800-100 B. C.

The second map (PI. II) of the series shows the shatter-
ing and submergence of the green Alpine area by the pink
Nordic area. It will be noted that in Italy, Spain, France
and Britain the solid green and the green dots have steadily
declined and in central Europe the green has been torn
apart and riddled in every direction by pink arrows and
pink dots, leaving solid green only in mountainous and in-
fertile districts. This submergence of the Alpines by the
Nordics was so complete that their very existence was for-
gotten until in our own day it was discovered that the
central core of Europe was inhabited by a short, stocky,
round skulled race originally from Asa. To-day these Al-

APPENDIX 269

pines are gradually recovering their influence in the world
by sheer weight of numbers. On this map the green Alpine
area is shown to be everywhere shrinking except in the
countries around the Carpathians and the Dnieper River,
where the Sarmatians and Wends are located. It was in
this district that the Slavic-speaking Alpines were develop-
ing. Simultaneously with this expansion toward the west,
south and east of the continental Nordics, the Scandinavian
or Teutonic tribes appear on the scene in increasing numbers,
as shown by the red area and red arrows, pressing upon and
forcing ahead of them their kinsmen on the mainland.

The pink arrows in Spain show the invasion of Celtic-
speaking Nordics, closely related to the Nordic Gauls who
a little earlier had conquered France. This same wave of
Nordic invasion crossed the Channel and appears in the
pink dots of Britain and Ireland, where the intruders are
known as Goidels. These early Nordics were followed
some centuries later by another wave of kindred peoples
who were known as Brythons or Cymry in Britain and as
Belgae on the continent. These Cymric Belgas or Brythons
probably represented the mixed descendants of the earliest
Teutons who crossed from Scandinavia and had adopted
and modified the Celtic languages spoken by the continental
Nordics. These Cymric-speaking Nordics drove before
them the earlier Gauls in France and the Goidels in Britain,
but their impulse westward was very likely caused by the
oncoming rush of pure Teutons from Scandinavia and the
Baltic coasts.

In Italy the pink arrows entering from the west show the
route of the invading Gauls, who occupied the country north
of the Apennines and made it Cisalpine Gaul, while the ar-
rows entering Italy from the northeast show the earlier in-
vasions of the Nordic Umbrians and Oscans, who introduced
Aryan speech into Italy. Farther east in Greece and the
Balkans, the pink arrows show the routes of invasion of the
Achaeans and the kindred Phrygians of Homer as well as the
later Dorians and Cimmerians. In the region of the Cau-
casus, the routes of the invading Persians are shown and,
north of the Caspian Sea, the line of migration of the Sacee

270 APPENDIX

from the grasslands of southern Russia toward the east. In
the inset map in the upper right corner is shown the expan-
sion of these Nordics into Asia, where the Sacae and closely
related Massagetae occupied what is now Turkestan and
from this centre swarmed over the mountains of Afghanis-
tan into India and introduced Aryan speech among the
swarming millions of that peninsula.

In the northern part of the main map the expansion of the
Teutonic Nordics is shown, with the Goths in the east and
Saxons in the west of the red area, but the salient feature is
the expansion of the pink at the expense of the green and
the ominous growth of the red area centring around Scan-
dinavia in the north.

The Expansion of the Teutonic Nordics and Slavic
Alpines, 100 B. C. to 1100 A. D.

This map (PL III) shows the yellow area greatly diminished
in central and northern Europe, while it retains its suprem-
acy in Spain and Italy as well as on the north coast of
Africa. In the latter areas the green dots have nearly van-
ished and have been replaced by pink and red dots. In cen-
tral Europe the green area is still more broken up and re-
duced to a minimum. In the Balkans and eastern Europe,
however, two large centres of green, north and south of the
Danube respectively, represent the expanding power of the
Slavic-speaking Alpines. The pink area of the continental
Nordics is everywhere fading and is on the point of vanish-
ing "as a distinctive type and of merging in the red. The
expansion of the Teutonic Nordics from Scandinavia and
from the north of Germany is now at its maximum and
they are everywhere pressing through the Empire of Rome
and laying the foundations of the modern nations of Europe.
The Vandals have migrated from the coasts of the Baltic to
what is now Hungary, then westward into France and
finally, after occupying for a while southern Spain, under
pressure of the kindred Visigoths to northern Africa, where
they established a kingdom which is the sole example we
have of a Teutonic state on that continent. The Visigoths
and Suevi laid the foundations of Spain and Portugal, while

APPENDIX 271

the Franks, Burgundians and Normans transformed Gaul
into France.

Into Italy for a thousand years floods of Nordic Teutons
crossed the Alps and settled along the Po Valley. While
many tribes participated in these invasions, the most im-
portant migration was that of the Lombards, who, coming
from the basin of the Baltic by way of the Danubian plains,
occupied the Po Valley in force and scattered a Teutonic
nobility throughout the peninsula. The Lombard and
kindred strains in the north give to that portion of the
peninsula its present predominance over the provinces south
of the Apennines.

The conquest of the British Isles by the Teutonic and Scan-
dinavian Nordics was far more complete than was their con-
quest of Spain, Italy or even northern France. When these
Teutons arrived upon the scene, the ancient, dark Neolithics
had very largely absorbed the early Nordic invaders, Goidels
and Cymry alike. Floods of Saxons, of Angles and later of
Danes, crossed the Channel and the North Sea and displaced
the old population in Scotland and the eastern half of Eng-
land, while Norse Vikings following in their wake occupied
nearly all of the outlying islands and much of the coast.
Both these later invasions, Danish and Norse, passed around
the greater island and inundated Ireland, so that the big,
blond or red-haired Irishman of to-day is to a large extent a
Dane in a state of culture analogous to that of Scotland
before the Reformation.

This map shows that the vitality of Scandinavia was far
from exhausted after sending for upward of two thousand
years tribe after tribe across to the continent and that it
was now producing an extraordinarily vigorous type, the
Vikings in the west and the equally warlike and energetic
Varangians in the east, who migrated back to the mother-
land of the Nordics and laid the foundations of modern
Russia.

While all these splendid conquests were in full swing a
little known group of tribes was growing and spreading in
eastern and southern Germany and in Austria-Hungary
and occupying the lands left vacant by the Teutonic nations,

272 APPENDIX

which had invaded the Roman Empire. From this centre
in the neighborhood of the Carpathians and in Galicia east-
ward to the head of the Dnieper River, the Wends and Sarma-
tians expanded in all directions. They were the ancestors
of those Alpines who are to-day Slavic-speaking. From this
obscure beginning came the bulk of the Russians and the
South Slavs. The expansion of the Slavs is one of the most
significant features of the Dark Ages and the author has
attempted to indicate the centre of expansion of these
tribes by green dots and green arrows, radiating in all direc-
tions from the solid green area in Europe. To sum up this
map, the yellow area has steadily declined everywhere,
while in western Europe the green area is now limited to
the infertile and backward mountain regions. In eastern
Europe, however, this same green Alpine area is showing a
marvellous capacity for recovery, as will appear from the
map of the races of to-day.

The red area is widely spread and occupies the river val-
leys and the fertile lands and represents everywhere the rul-
ing, military aristocracy more or less thinly scattered over
a conquered peasantry of Mediterranean and Alpine blood.
One phenomenon of dire import is shown on the map, where,
coming from the districts north and east of the Caspian Sea,
certain black arrows are seen shooting westward into Europe,
reaching in one extreme instance as far as Chalons in France,
where Attila nearly succeeded in destroying what remained
of western civilization. These arrows mark respectively
Huns, Cumans, Avars, Magyars, Bulgars and other Asiatic
hordes, probably for the most part of Mongoloid origin and
coming originally from central Asia far beyond the range
of Aryan speech. These hordes of Mongoloids destroyed
the budding culture of Russia, while at a later date kindred
tribes under the name of Turks or Tatars flooded the Balkans
and the valley of the Danube but these later invasions en-
tered Europe from Asia Minor.

The Present Distribution of European Races

The preparation of the last map (PI. IV), showing the
present distribution of European races, was in some respects

APPENDIX 273

a more intricate task than that of the earlier maps. The
main difficulty is that, as a result of successive migrations
and expansions, the different races of Europe are now often
represented by distinct classes. Numerically one type may
be in a majority, as are the Rumanians in eastern Hungary,
where they constitute nearly two-thirds of the population.
At the same time this majority is of no intellectual or social
importance, since all the professional and military classes in
Transylvania are either Magyar or Saxon. Under the exist-
ing scheme of showing majorities by color these ruling mi-
norities do not appear at all. In this last map the yellow is
beginning to expand, especially in the British Isles. The
green also is recovering somewhat in central and western
Europe, but in the Balkans, eastern Germany, Austria
and above all in Poland and Russia, it has largely replaced
the former Nordic color. The pink, i. e., the continental
Nordics as a distinct type, has entirely vanished and has
been everywhere replaced by the Teutonic red. This does
not mean that there are no existing remnants of the con-
tinental Nordics, but it does mean that these remnants can-
not now be distinguished from the all-pervading and master-
ful type of the Teutonic Nordics.

In general, this last map, as compared with the earlier ones,
although showing a steady shrinkage of the Nordic area,
brings out clearly the manner in which it centres around the
basins of the Baltic and the North Sea, radiating thence in
every direction and in decreasing numbers. The menace
of the continued expansion of the green area westward and
northward into the red area of the Nordics is undoubtedly
one of the causes of the present world war. This expansion
began as far back as the fall of Rome, but only in our day and
generation has this backward race even claimed a parity of
strength and culture with the Master Race.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

The purpose of these notes is to meet an insistent demand
for authorities for the statements made in the body of the
book. As was mentioned in the Introduction, in a work of
this compass and aim, mere lack of space forbade all but
the barest outlines, so that often an appearance of dogma-
tism was the result.

There is a vast literature on the subjects discussed and
to give all the references would be almost a physical impos-
sibility. It is particularly difficult to name all that has ap-
peared in periodicals, since they have become so numerous,
especially during the last few years.

The author has in mind to refer only to those works which
bear directly on the most essential statements made and,
necessarily, to but a part of these. In many cases only books
which are most easily available have been used. The author
has intentionally quoted chiefly works in English, where
these exist, and when using foreign authorities has trans-
lated the statements.

It must be clearly understood that the references are given
for the facts rather than the theories they contain. In no
case, unless specifically stated, is the author committed to
the conclusions drawn in the works cited. In order to pre-
sent all sides, authorities who differ in view-point are some-
times listed, the reader being left to make his own decision
of the case.

It is hoped that the references will be of assistance to stu-
dents of anthropology and to those who care to inquire
further into the subjects under discussion.

Where an author is quoted frequently or for more than
one book, he is referred to merely by name; the book is
given by number immediately following. Its full title may
be ascertained in the bibliography.

«7S

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

PART I
INTRODUCTION

Page xix : line 22. Immutability of somatological or
bodily characters. Charles B. Davenport, pp. 225 seq. and
252 seq.: William E. Castle, 1, pp. 125 seq.; Frederick
Adams Woods, 3, p. 107; and Edwin G. ConkUn, 1, pp. 191
seq. See the note to p. 226, 7 for a quotation from Conklin
bearing on this point.

xix : 23. Immutability of psychical predispositions and
impulses. See note above. Professor Irving Fisher said,
on p. 627 of National Vitality, speaking of laws relating to
eugenics: "What such laws might accomplish may be judged
from the history of two criminal families, the 'Jukes' and
the 'Tribe of Ishmael.' Out of 1,200 descendants from the
founder of the 'Jukes' through 75 years, 310 were profes-
sional paupers ... 50 were prostitutes, 7 murderers, 60
habitual thieves, and 130 common criminals." Certainly
these facts were not all due entirely to identity or similarity
of environment. On p. 675 we read: "Similarly, the 'Tribe
of Ishmael,' numbering 1,692 individuals in six generations,
has produced 121 known prostitutes and has bred hundreds
of petty thieves, vagrants and murderers. The history of
the tribe is a swiftly moving picture of social degeneration
and gross parasitism extending from its seventeenth-century
convict ancestry to the present-day horde of wandering and
criminal descendants." See R. L. Dugdale and Oscar C.
McCulloch, pp. 154-159. For transmission of opposite ten-
dencies see pp. 675-676, Fisher. The Jukes were a family of
Dutch descent, living in an isolated valley in the mountains
of northern New York. The Ishmaels were a family of

277

278 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

central Indiana which came from Maryland through Ken-
tucky. The Kalikak family is another striking instance.
See also Davenport, 1, and the note to p. 226: 7.

xxi : 5. Professor Charles B. Davenport says in corre-
spondence: "By the way, it was Judge John Lowell who
added 'free and' to the words of the Declaration in writing
the Constitution of Massachusetts in the latter part of the
eighteenth century."

xxiii : 20-25. A Statistical Account of the British Empire.
J. R. McCulloch, vol. I, pp. 400 seq.

CHAPTER I. RACE AND DEMOCRACY

4 : 6. Archbishop Ussher, 1581-1656. See the New Schaff-
Herzog Religious Encyclopedia; also other religious encyclo-
pedias. Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, p. 8.

5 : 15. See fimile Faguet, Le Culte de V Incompetence.

6 : 3. Cf. The Loyalists of Massachusetts, by James H.
Stark.

9:7. A good description of conditions is to be found
in Bryce's The Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Com-
pany, p. 73, all of chapter XLII and elsewhere.

10 : 3 seq. Charles B. Davenport, passim, has discussed
migratory instincts, see especially 1.

10 : 16-17. These conditions are quaintly described in
what is known as the Italian Relation, translated by Charlotte
Augusta Sneyd. See especially pp. 34 and 36. The result-
ing laws may be found in Sir James Fitzjames Stephen's His-
tory of the Criminal Law of England, vol. Ill, pp. 267 seq.;
Pollard's Political History of England, vol. VI, pp. 29-30;
Green's History of the English People, vol. II, pp. 20; and
elsewhere.

11:3. See the note to p. 79 : 15.

11 : 17. See Notes to p. 218 : 16.

11 : 20. For a very interesting series of letters written
from Santo Domingo in 1808 concerning conditions among
the whites as the negro slaves were gaining the ascendancy,
consult the anonymous Secret History, or The Horrors of
Santo Domingo, in a series of letters written by a lady at

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 279

Cape Francois to Colonel Burr (late Vice-President of the
United States), principally during the command of General
Rochambeau. Lothrop Stoddard, in his French Revolution
in San Domingo, pp. 25 seq., gives a vivid picture of these
times and conditions.

n : 24. Immigration Restriction and World Eugenics,
Prescott Hall, pp. 125-127.

CHAPTER II. THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

13 : 7. See W. D. Matthew, Climate and Evolution; John
C. Merriam,TAe Beginnings of Human History, Read from the
Geological Record: The Emergence of Man, especially pp. 208-
209 of the first part; and Madison Grant, The Origin and
Relationships of North American Mammals, pp. 5-7.

13 : 20. Mendelism. See Edwin G. Conklin, 1, chap.
Ill, C, pp. 224 seq., or 2, vol. X, no. 2, pp. 170 seq. Also
Punnett's Mendelism, or the appendix to Castle's Genetics
and Eugenics, which is a translation of Mendel's paper.
Practically all late writers on heredity give Mendel's prin-
ciples.

13 : 22-14 : IO- For these and other statements on hered-
ity see the writings of Charles B. Davenport, Frederic Adams
Woods, G. Archdall Reid, Edwin G. Conklin, Thomas Hunt
Morgan, E. B. Wilson, J. Arthur Thomson, William E.
Castle, and Henry Fairfield Osborn, 2.

14 : 10 seq. Blends. E. G. Conklin remarks in corre-
spondence: "In so far as races interbreed, their characters
mingle but do not blend or fuse, and come out again in all
their purity in descendants." See also the same authority,
1, pp. 208, 280, 282-287.

Every now and then an observation is met with which
corroborates this statement. The inheritance from one par-
ent or the other of the shape of the skull, in a fairly pure
form, has been noted a number of times.

Fleure and James in their study of the Anthropological
Types in Wales, p. 39, make the following observation: "It
may be said that certain component features of head form,
in many cases, seem to segregate more or less in Mendelian

280 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

fashion, but this is a matter for further investigation; we
are on safer ground in saying that the children of parents
of different head form very frequently show a fairly complete
resemblance to one or other parent, i. e., that head form is
frequently inherited in a fairly pure fashion."

Von Luschan found still more striking evidence of this
in his study of modern Greeks, which he describes in his
Early Inhabitants of Western Asia. He has found that the
children of parents of different head form inherit in quite
strict fashion the shape of skull of one or the other parent,
and that the population, instead of being mesaticephalic, is
to-day as distinctly divided into two groups, dolicho- and
brachycephalic, as in prehistoric times, in spite of the con-
stant intermixture that has occurred.

14 : 18. See notes to p. 13. This is a statement made
by Dr. Davenport, in correspondence.

15 : 17. On the Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon types con-
sult Professor Arthur Keith, 1, pp. 101-1 20, and 2 ; also Henry
Fairfield Osborn, 1, the table on p. 23, pp. 214 seq., 289 seq.,
291-305 and elsewhere, and the authorities given.

On the resurgence of types, see Beddoe, 4; Fleure and
James; Giuffrida-Ruggeri; Parsons; and numerous other re-
cent anthropologists.

15 : 25. See the notes to p. xix of the Introduction to
this book, and Keith, 2.

15 : 29 seq. Professor G. Elliot Smith, The Ancient Egyp-
tians, chap. IV, and pp. 41 seq. On p. 43 we read: "If we
want to add to such sources of information and complete
the picture of the early Egyptian ... he can be found re-
incarnated in his modern descendants with surprisingly little
change, either in physical characteristics or mode of life, to
show for the passage of six thousand years." On p. 44:
"Although alien elements from north and south have been
coming into Upper Egypt for fifty centuries, it has been a
process of percolation, and not an overwhelming rush; the
population has been able to assimilate the alien minority
and retain its own distinctive features and customs with only
slight change; and however large a proportion of the popula-
tion has taken on hybrid traits resulting from Negro, Arab,

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 281

or Armenoid admixture, there still remain in the Thebaid
large numbers of its people who present features and bodily
conformation precisely similar to those of their remote an-
cestors, the Proto-Egyptians." See also G. Sergi, 1, p. 65,
and 4, p. 200.

17:5. See Franz Boas, Changes in the Bodily Form of the
Descendants of Immigrants, pp. 9, 27, etc.

17 : 28-18 : 7. See the notes to p. 13.

18 : 13. See notes to p. 14. Also Ripley, pp. 465-466 for
a statement as to brunetness.

18 : 24-19 : 2. E. G. Conklin, 1, pp. 454_455> and 2, es-
pecially vol. X, no. 1, pp. 55-58.

19 : 3. Anders Retzius was the first to make use of the
head form in anthropological study, and to give the impetus
to the index measurement system in The Form of the Skulls
of the Northern Peoples of Europe. See also A. C. Haddon, 1,
chap. I, in which he discusses these traits in full, and Ripley,
chap. Ill, especially pp. 55 seq. Modern physical anthro-
pologists still agree that the skull form is a most stable and
reliable character.

19 : 25. Ripley, p. 39.

19 : 27-pp. 20 and 21. Beddoe, Broca, Collignon, Livi,
Topinard and a host of other anthropologists all affirm the
existence of three European racial types, which Ripley has
discussed exhaustively. Deniker alone differs from them in
classifying the populations of Europe, from the same data,
into six principal races and four or more sub-races. See
Appendix D, in Ripley's Races of Europe.

The three terms, Nordic, Alpine and Mediterranean, have
now become quite generally accepted designations for the
three European races. The term Nord, rather than Nordic,
has been chosen, perhaps more wisely, by some authors.
In the present book these names are applied with quite dif-
ferent connotations from those usually understood.

It cannot be too clearly stated that in speaking of Nordics,
the proto-type was probably quite generalized, with hair
shades including the browns and reds. In the author's
opinion the blond Scandinavian represents an extreme spe-
cialization of Nordic characters. (See p. 167 of this book.)

282 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

20 : 5-24. The term Nordic was first used by Deniker.
The authorities for the descriptions of these races may all
be found in Ripley. The Mediterranean race was first de-
fined by Sergi, who also calls it Eurafrican. The term Al-
pine, proposed by Linnaeus, was revived by DeLapouge, and
later adopted by Ripley, since when it has come into general
use. Sergi and Zaborowski prefer that of Eurasian. While
this latter name does cover the requirements, since it correctly
signifies not only the European and Asiatic range of the peo-
ple under discussion, but also their actual relationship to
Asiatics, it is objectionable because it implies the adoption
of the similarly constructed term Eurafrican, which, as de-
fined by Sergi, is misleading. Correct as Eurafrican may be
for signifying the European and African range of the Medi-
terranean race, it involves an acceptance of the theory put
forward by its sponsor, that the Mediterranean race orig-
inated in Africa and is closely related to the negro, both being
long-skulled peoples, descended from a common stock, the
Eurafrican.

The chief objection to the term Mediterranean is that the
race extends in habitat beyond the Mediterranean region,
but the name is now so generally accepted and this fact so
well known that misunderstandings are unlikely. The term
Alpine, also, is not as inappropriate as it might seem, since
the word Alps is frequently not confined to the Swiss ranges
but extended to many other mountain chains, and Alpine,
like the term Mediterranean, is not, at this late date, apt to
be misunderstood.

20 : 24-21 : 9. Von Luschan, The Early Inhabitants of
Western Asia, pp. 221-244, and G. Elliot Smith, The Ancient
Egyptians.

22 : 10. Thomson, Heredity, p. 387; Darwin, Descent of
Man; Boas, Modern Populations of America, p. 571.

22 : 25. Haddon, 1, pp. 15 seq.

22 : 29. The same, pp. 12-14.

23 : 8. Clark Wissler, in The American Indian, makes
clear the general uniformity of American Indian types in
chap. XVIII. See also Haddon, 1, p. 8, and Hrdlicka, The
Genesis of the American Indian, pp. 559 seq.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 283

23 : 13. Haddon, 1, pp. 10 and 11. There are numerous
other references to this fact, especially in articles in various
anthropological journals, and general works on anthropology,
such as those of Deniker, Collignon, Martin and Ratzel.

23 : 16. For the differentiation of skull types in Europe
during the Paleolithic period, see Keith, 2, the chapters on
Pre-Neolithic, Mousterian and Neanderthal man; and 1,
pp. 74 seq.; as well as Osborn, 1, who also gives the dates of
the Paleolithic in the table on p. 18.

24 : 3-5. This claim was put forth by Sergi, in his Medi-
terranean Race, pp. 252, 258-259, and was followed by Ripley
in his Races of Europe.

24 : 14. Deniker, Races of Man, pp. 48-49; Ripley, p. 465.

25 : 5. Topinard, 1, 4; Collignon, 1; and Virchow, 1, p.
325; Ripley, p. 64. Ripley says: "If the hair be light, one
can generally be sure that the eyes will be of a correspond-
ing shade. Bassanovitch, ... p. 29, strikingly confirms
this rule even for so dark a population as the Bulgarian."

25 : 6. See p. 163 of this book on the Albanians.

25 : 8. Ripley, pp. 75-76 and the footnote on p. 76.

25 : 11. Deniker, 2, p. 51. Also Davenport, passim.

25 : 13. Sir Edmund Loder, in correspondence, February,
191 7, asks: "Has it been noticed at Creedmore and elsewhese
in America that nearly all noted shots have blue eyes? It
has been very noticeable at Wimbledon and Bisby, where it
was quite exceptional to find a man in the front rank of
marksmen with dark colored eyes. There was, however, one
man who shot in my team who had very dark eyes and was
one of the best shots of the day."

25 : 16. There are said to be blue eyes occasionally in
other races, where traces of Nordic blood cannot be discov-
ered. Green and blue eyes have been found among the
Rendeli (Desert Masai), although they are otherwise normal
negroes.

25 : 19. The following quotation is from Von Luschan,
1, p. 224: "In Marmaritza near Halikarnassos, where a
British squadron had a winter station for many years, a
very great proportion of the children is said to be 'flaxen-
haired.'" According to a statement made to the author by

284 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

Professor G. Elliot Smith on May 4, 1920, a similar nest of
blondness is found in the Egyptian delta near Aboukir and
is due to the fact that after the battle of the Nile the Sea-
forth Highlanders were long stationed there. At one time
this blondness was supposed to bear some relation to the
ancient Lybian blondness depicted on the monuments.

25 : 25 seq. On the Berbers see Sergi, 4, pp. 59 seq., and
Topinard, 3. In regard to the Albanians, Ripley refers to
their blondness, on p. 414, as follows: "The Albanian colo-
nists, studied by Livi and Zampa in Calabria, still, after four
centuries of Italian residence and intermixture, cling to many
of their primitive characteristics, notably their brachy-
cephaly and their relative blondness." See also Zampa, 1,
and Deniker, 1, for scientific discussions of their physical
characters. Giuffrida-Ruggeri gives a summary of the most
recent literature on Albania.

25 : 29-26 : 6. See Beddoe, The Races of Britain, pp. 14,
15 and passim.

26 : 18. Beddoe, 4, p. 147.

27 : 1 seq. See Ripley, pp. 399-400 for a summary of ob-
servations on this point. See also Darwin, Descent of Man,
pp. 340-341 and 344 seq.; and Fleure and James, p. 49.

27 : 14-28 : 19. Haddon, 1, p. 2; also 2; Deniker, 2, chap.
II and passim.

28 : 19. Davenport, passim; Ripley, passim; and any
general book on anthropology.

28 : 24-29 : 17. Ripley, pp. 80, 81, 84, 108-109, 131, 132,
252, 271, 307. Also see Davenport and Conklin, passim,
and the notes to p. 18 of this book.

30 : 18-31 : 8. For a very interesting discussion of this
question see Conklin, 2, vol. IX, no. 6, pp. 492-6; Deniker,
2, p. 18; Haddon, 2, chap. IV; and Louis R. Sullivan, The
Growth of the Nasal Bridge in Children, are other authorities.
Some special studies of the nose have been made by Majer
and Koperniki, Weisbach, and Olechnowicz, for which see
Ripley, pp. 394-395. Jacobs, pp. 23-62, is particularly good
on nostrility.

31 : 9. Deniker, 2, p. 83.

31 : 13. On the shape of the foot as a racial character see

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 285

Rudolf Martin, Lehrbuch der Anthropologic, pp. 317 seq.; and
Beddoe, 4, pp. 245 seq.; W. K. Gregory, 2, p. 14, and John
C. Merriam, vol. LX, pp. 202 seq., have both discussed the
evolution of the foot and the hand, and the anatomical differ-
ences which distinguish those of man from those of the
apes.

31 : 16. P. Topinard, 2, chap. X, and Rudolf Martin,
pp. 367 seq.

32 : 4. Beard lighter than head hair. Darwin, Descent
of Man, p. 850.

32 : 8. The red-haired branch of the Nordics. On red
hair see Beddoe, 4, pp. 3, 151-156; Fleure and James, Anthro-
pological Types in Wales, pp. 118 seq.; Ripley, pp. 205-207,
based on Arbo; T. Rice Holmes, Ccesar's Conquest of Gaul,
p. 337; and F. G. Parsons, Anthropological Observations on
German Prisoners of War, pp. 32 seq.

32 : 21. See notes to p. 66.

t,^ : 7. Haddon, 1, p. 9 seq.; Deniker, Races of Man;
Ratzel, History of Mankind; etc.

33 : 13. Haddon, 1, p. 16 seq.; Deniker; Ratzel; etc.

33 : 23-34 : 21. Haddon, 1, pp. 2 and 3, and Deniker, 2,
pp. 42 seq. While this classification is substantially sound,
and sufficient for our purpose, recent investigations have
shown that other factors also contribute to straightness or
kinkiness, such as coarseness of texture, as opposed to fine-
ness. Probably these will be determined by Mr. Louis R.
Sullivan, of the American Museum of Natural History, who
is working on the subject. It has been found that the Japa-
nese and Eskimo are exceptions to the rule of " straight hair,
round cross-section," for they show an ellipse. There is also
a wide range of variation in the cross-sections of hair for in-
dividuals of any race, who are classified according to the
preponderance of cross-sections of a single type. For a fine
series of plates which are photographs of the magnified hair
of individuals of various races, see Das Haupthaare und seiner
Bildungsstatte bei den Rassen des Menschen, Gustave Fritsch.
Another recent paper is the study by Leon Augustus Haus-
mann of Cornell, "The Microscopic Structure of the Hair
as an Aid in Race Determination."

286 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

35 : 27. Livi, Antropometria Militate, and Ripley, pp.
115, 255 and 258.

36. Deniker, 1 ; Zampa, 1, 2; Weisbach, 1, 2, 3; and others
given by Ripley, pp. 411-415-

CHAPTER III. RACE AND HABITAT

37 : 6. Sir G. Archdall Reid, The Principles of Heredity,
chaps. VII, VIII, DC

37 : 17. Ripley discusses them in full in chap. VI.

37 : 20-38 : 2. W. Boyd Dawkins, Early Man in Britain,
p. 233; Keane, Ethnology, pp. no seq.; Osborn, Men of the
Old Stone Age, pp. 220, 479-486 seq.; Keith, Antiquity of
Man, p. 16.

38 : 10. Ellsworth Huntington, 1, p. 83; Charles E.
Woodruff, 1, pp. 85-86; also the Report of the Smithsonian
Institution for 1891, which contains an article on "Isothermal
Zones."

38 : 17 seq. Ellsworth Huntington, 1, pp. 86 seq.

40 : 27. Ellsworth Huntington, 1, pp. 14, 27.

41 : 25-42. G. Retzius, On the So-called North European
Race of Mankind, p. 300; and many other authorities.

43 : 23. Ripley, pp. 352 seq. and 470.

44 : 17. G. Elliot Smith, 1, p. 61; G. Sergi, 4.

44 : 26. Ripley, pp. 443 and 582-583.

45 : 2. Beddoe, 4, p. 270.

CHAPTER IV. THE COMPETITION OF RACES

47 : 17. Prescott F. Hall, Immigration Restriction and
World Eugenics.

49 : 15-51. See the Eugenics Record Office Bulletins, 10A
and 10B, by Harry H. Laughlin, Cold Spring Harbor, Long
Island. Part I is "The Scope of the Committee's Work";
Part II, "The Legal, Legislative and Administrative Aspects
of Sterilization." See also H. H. Hart, Sterilization as a
Practical Measure; and Raymond Pearl, The Sterilization of
Degenerates; as well as The Eugenical News for April, May
and August, 1918.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 287

52 : 17. Sir Francis Gal ton, Hereditary Genius, pp. 351-
359; Darwin, The Descent of Man, p. 218.

53 : 6. Galton, Hereditary Genius, pp. 345-346.

55 : 3 sea- Sir G. Archdall Reid, 2, p. 182; The Handbook
of the American Indian, under Health and Disease; Payne,
A History of the New World Called America; and elsewhere in
early accounts. Also, Paul Popenoe, One Phase of Man's
Modern Evolution, p. 618.

CHAPTER V. RACE, LANGUAGE AND
NATIONALITY

60 : 18. See the note to p. 18.

62 : 2. Ripley, passim; and the notes to pp. 142 : 23,
172 : 22, 187 : 23, 188 : 15, 195 : 18, 213 and 247 of this
book.

63 : 13. This absence of round skulls was universally ac-
cepted, but recent studies show an appreciable Alpine ele-
ment which is increasing.

64 : 2 seq. See pp. 201 and 203.

64 : 18. Ripley discusses the Slavs in full in chap. XIII,
and gives the original sources for all of his information.

65 : 1. Ripley, pp. 422-428.

65 : 3. Von Luschan, 1; Ripley, pp. 406-411.

65 : 14. Ripley, pp. 361 seq.

66 : 4. Blumenbach was the first to divide the races into
Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian, American and Malayan,
in his De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa, in 1775.

66 : 8-23. Ossetes. For a full description of these peo-
ple see Zaborowski, Les peuples aryens d'Asie et a" Europe,
pp. 246-272. Deniker likewise treats of them in Races of
Man, p. 356. Minns, Scythians and Greeks, p. 37, says:
"Klaproth first proved in 1822 that the Ossetes are the same
as the Caucasian Alans, and this is supported by the testi-
mony of the chroniclers, Russian, Georgian, Greek and
Arab. From Ammianus Marcellinus (XXXI, II, 16-25) we
know that at the time of the Huns' invasion these Alans pas-
tured their herds over the plains to the north of the Cau-
casus, and made raids upon the coast of the Maeotis and the

288 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

peninsula of Taman. The Huns passed through their land,
plundering Ermanrich, the king of the Goths. . . . Ammi-
anus means by Alans all the nomadic tribes about the Tanais
(Don) and gives a description of their habits, borrowed from
the account of the Scythians in Herodotus. For the first
three centuries of our era we find these Alans mentioned
(Pliny, JV. H., IV, 80; Dionysius Perigetes, 305, 306; Fl.
Josephus, Bell. Jud., VII, VII, 4; Ptolemy, etc.), as neighbors
of the Sarmatians on this side or the other of the Don, liv-
ing the same life and counting as one of their tribes. That
is, that the Ossetes, Jasy, Alans, Sarmatians* are all of one
stock, once nomad, now confined to the valleys of the cen-
tral chain of the Caucasus. The Ossetes are tall, well-made,
and inclined to be fair, corresponding to the description of
the Alans in Ammianus (XXXI, II, 21) and their Iranian
language answers to the accounts of the Sarmatians, of
whom Pliny says 'Medorum ut ferunt soboles' (N.H., VI,

i9)-"

Chantre found among the Ossetes 30 per cent of blonds.
See Chantre, 2.

66 : 16. Alans. See Jordanes, History of the Goths,
Mierow translation. Procopius, writing about 550 A. D.,
says: "At this time the Alani and the Absagi were Chris-
tians and friends of the Romans of old and lived in the
neighborhood of the Caucasus." In his vol. Ill, chap. II,
2-8, we read of the period from 395-425 A. D. "There were
many Gothic nations in earlier times just as also at the
present, but the greatest and most important of all are the
Goths, Vandals, Visigoths and Gepaedes. In ancient times,
however, they were named Sauromatae and Melanchlaeni,
and there were some too who called these nations Getic.
All these, while they are distinguished from one another by
their names, as has been said, do not differ in anything else
at all. For they all have white bodies and fair hair and are
tall and handsome to look upon, and they use the same
laws, and practise a common religion. For they are all of

*The author agrees with Zaborowski and differs from Minns in
his belief that the Ossetes are of Nordic stock while the Sarmatians
were Alpines.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 289

the Arian faith and have one language called 'Gothic.'"
(Procopius thinks they all came originally from one tribe,
and were distinguished later by the names of those who led
each group of old. They dwelt north of the Danube and
later the Gepsedes took possession of the portion south of the
river. In regard to the derivation of the Goths and other
tribes from the Sauromatae, compare the note on Sarmatians,
for p. 143 : ax.) As to the Goths in the Crimea see Zeuss,
Die Deutschen, pp. 432 seq.; F. Kluge, Geschichte der gotischen
Sprache, pp. 515 seq. C rim-go tisch existed as a language in
southern Russia up to the 16th century.
66 : 23. Scythians. See the note to p. 214 : 10.

66 : 24. Indo-European. The earliest known occurrence
of this term is in an article in The Quarterly Review for 18 13,
written by Doctor Thomas Young (no. XIX, p. 225).

Indo-Germanic. This term, although said not to have
been invented by Klaproth, was used by him as early as
1823. See Leo Meyer, in Uber den Ur sprung der Namen
Indo-Germanen, Semiten und Ugro-finner, Gottingergelehrte
Nachrichten, philologisch-historische Klasse, 1901, pp. 454 seq.

67 : 4. The idea of an Aryan race was first promulgated
by Oscar Schrader in his Sprachvergleichung und Ur geschichte.
That there was an original Aryan tongue but no Aryan race
was the idea of Broca. P6sche identified the Aryans with
the Reihengraber type. Consult also Penka, Herkunft der
Arier and Origmes Ariacce.

67 : 12. See Zaborowski, 1, pp. 1-10.

67 : 15. See the notes to p. 70 : 22 seq.

67 : 19. See the notes to p. 242 : 5.

68 : 11. See pp. 192-193 and elsewhere, in this book.

CHAPTER VI. RACE AND LANGUAGE

69 : 10. See T. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 185-199. The same
thing may have happened in Britain at Caesar's conquest,
and still more in the Saxon conquest.

70 : 4 seq. See p. 206 : 13 and note.

70 : 12-71 : 6. These paragraphs elicited a very inter-
esting letter from a British officer in Howrah, Bengal, India,

290 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

in October, 1919. He says: "May I offer one or two re-
marks on points of detail? On p. 70 it is stated 'The Hindu
today speaks a very ancient form of Aryan language but
there remains not one recognizable trace of the blood of the
white conquerors who poured in through the passes of the
Northwest,' and again at p. 261, 'Of all the wonderful con-
quests of the Sacae there remain as evidence of their in-
vasions only these Indian and Afghan languages. Dim
traces of their blood, as stated before, have been found in
the Pamirs and in Afghanistan, but in the South their blond
traits have vanished, even from the Punjab. It may be
that the stature of some of the Afghan hill tribes and of the
Sikhs, and some of the facial characters of the latter, are
derived from this source, but all blondness of skin, hair and
eye of the original Sacae have utterly vanished.'

"This hardly agrees with my own observations during two
years' service in the Punjab and Northwest Frontier Prov-
ince. I should say that among the Pathans living in British
territory about Peshawar, blond traits, — fair skin, the color
of old ivory, red or brown hair, grey, green, or blue eyes, — are
as common as really black hair is in Scotland; while among
Panjabi Mussulmans living about Jhelum these traits are,
if not common, at least not extremely rare. Judging from
the experience of one squadron of cavalry, I should put the
proportion of men with blond traits at not less than one
per cent. The women, whom one does not see, must be
fairer than the men, as elsewhere. I have seen a small Pan-
jabi Mahommedan girl, from about Dera Ismail Khan with
yellow hair. I have also seen a Sikh with red hair, but that
was certainly exceptional.

"These remarks are based on what I have seen myself,
though no statistics are kept and it is possible that I am
generalizing from insufficient data. It would not, however,
I think, be too much to say that 'Blond traits are not un-
common in Afghanistan, and are even to be found among
Mussulmans in the Northwestern Pan jab.' (Afghans and
Indian Mussulmans of course sometimes dye their beards
red, but this artificial blondness has not been confused with
the real thing.) "

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 291

The following quotation is from The Outlook for March
10, 1920, which contains an article entitled "The Present
Situation in India," by Major-General Thomas D. Pilcher,
of the British Army.

"Beside these castes there are tribes, and the Brahmin
from the Punjab has very little indeed in common with the
Brahmin from Bengal or Madras. Many Pathans and
Punjabi Mohammedans have blue eyes and are no darker
than a southern European, whereas some of the depressed
tribes are as black as Negroes. Many of the northern peo-
ples are at least as tall as men of our own race, whereas other
tribes do not average five feet."

70 : 16. Castes. Deniker, 2, p. 403 : " About 2,000 castes
may be enumerated at the present day, 'but year by year
new ones are being called into existence as a certain number
disappear." In his footnote Deniker says: "The so-called
primitive division into four castes: Brahmans (priests),
Kshatriya (soldiers), Vaisyas (husbandmen and merchants),
and Sudra (common people, outcasts, subject peoples?),
mentioned in the later texts of the Vedas, is rather an indi-
cation of the division into three principal classes of the ruling
race as opposed, in a homogeneous whole, to the conquered
aboriginal race (fourth caste)." He continues: "The essen-
tial characteristics of all castes, persisting amid every change
of form, are endogamy within themselves and the regulation
forbidding them to come into contact one with another and
partake of food together."

See also Zaborowski, Les peuples aryens, p. 65. There is,
of course, an enormous number of books which deal with the
caste system of India.

71:7. Sir G. Archdall Reid, 2, p. 186: "If history teaches
any lesson with clearness, it is this, that conquest, to be
permanent, must be accompanied with extermination; other-
wise, in the fulness of time, the natives expel or absorb the
conquerors. The Saxon conquest of England was perma-
nent; of the Norman conquest there remains scarcely a trace."

71 : 24. See pp. 217-222 and notes.

72 : 4. See the notes to p. 141 : 4 seq.

72 : 19. Ripley, pp. 219-220, says: "Thf r*c question

2Q2 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

in Germany came to the front some years ago under rather
peculiar circumstances. Shortly after the Franco-Prussian
War, De Quatrefages promulgated the theory . . . that the
dominant people in Germany were not Teutons at all, but
were directly descended from the Finns. Being nothing but
Finns, they were to be classed with the Lapps and other
peoples of western Russia. . . . Coming at a time of pro-
found national humiliation in France . . . the book created
a profound sensation. ... A champion of the Germans
was not hard to find. Professor Virchow of Berlin set him-
self to work to disprove the theory which thus damned the
dominant people of the empire. The controversy, half politi-
cal and half scientific, waxed hot at times. . . . One great
benefit flowed indirectly from it all, however. The German
government was induced to authorize the official census of
the color of hair and eyes of the six million school children of
the empire. ... It established beyond question the differ-
ences in pigmentation between the North and the South of
Germany. At the same time it showed the similarity in
blondness between all the peoples along the Baltic. The
Hohenzollern territory was as Teutonic in this respect as the
Hanoverian."

73 : 6. Deniker is one of these. See his Races of Man,
p. 334. Collignon is another. See the Bulletin de la Sociiti
d' anthropologic, Paris, 1883, p. 463; and V Anthropologic, no.
2, for 1890.

73 : 11. See Keith, 3, p. 19; Beddoe, 4, p. 39; and Ripley,
section on Germany.

73 : 19. Beddoe, 4, pp. 39-40; Deniker, 2, p. 339; Ripley,
p. 294.

74 : 12. See the note to p. 198 : 22.

CHAPTER VII. THE EUROPEAN RACES IN
COLONIES

76 : 16. An old edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica
states: "The pure white population [of Venezuela] is esti-
mated at only one per cent of the whole, the remainder of
the inhabitants being Negroes (originally slaves, now all free),
Indians and mixed races (Mulattos and Zambos)."

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

293

The nth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica estimates
the percentage of whites, the Creole element (whites of Eu-
ropean descent), at 10 per cent, as in Colombia, and the mixed
races at 70 per cent, the remainder consisting of Africans,
Indians and resident foreigners.

76 : 19. Jamaica. The New International Encyclopedia,
1915 edition, gives as follows figures which agree with the
1915 Statesman's Yearbook:

Yka*

Whit*

Colored

Black

Others

Total

1861

1871

I88l

1891

19U

I3,8l6
I3,IOI
H,432
14,692
15,605

81,065
100,346
109,946

121,955
163,201

346,374
392,707
444,186
488,624
630,181

12,240

14,220

♦22,396

441,255
506,154
580,804

639,491
831,383

*East Indians, 17,380; Chinese, 2,111; not stated, 2,905.

76 : 21. The nth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica
gives the entire population of Mexico as 13,607,259, of which
less than one-fifth (19 per cent) were classed as whites, 38
per cent as Indians, and 43 per cent as mixed bloods.
There were 57,507 foreign residents, including a few Chinese
and Filipinos.

78 : 5. The Argentine Republic. In 1810 the population
was approximately 250,000; in 1895, 3,955,110; in 1914,
7,885,237. For a total of fifty-nine years in which the sta-
tistics have been kept, the number of immigrants from Mon-
tevideo is 4,711,013. They were divided by nationality as
follows:

Italians 2,259,933

Spaniards 1,492,848

French 225,049

English .

Austrians

Swiss

Germans

Belgians

Russians

Ottomans

Other nationalities.

56,448

81,186

33,326

62,329

23,091

135,962

121,177

189,664

294 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

For added information on the Argentine, see the Statistical
Book of the Argentine Republic, 191 5; Argentine Geography,
published by Urien & Colombo; and Juan Alsina's European
Immigration to the Argentine.

78 : 22. Philippines. The following figures were taken
from the New International Encyclopedia and the Statesman's
Yearbook for 1915. The size of the population was estab-
lished in June, 1914.

Total population 8,650,937

Native born 6,931,548 or 99.2%

Chinese 41.035 or 0.6%

Americans and Europeans. . . 20,000 or 0.3%

The natives are mostly of the Malayan race with the excep-
tion of 25,000 Negrito tribesmen.

78 : 24. Dutch East Indies. The figures are taken from
the census of 1905.

Total population is approximately 38,000,000

Europeans 80,910

Chinese 563,000

Arabs 29,000

Other Orientals 23,000

78 : 25. British India. The figures are from the census
of 1911:

Total population 315,156,396

(Of these 650,502 were not born in India.)

The remainder are divided according to the languages

spoken:

East Asiatics 4,410,000

Tibeto-Chinese 12,970,000

Dravidian 62,720,000

Aryan 232,820,000

European 320,000

81 : 5. See Francis Parkman, The Old Rtgime in Canada,
vol. II, pp. 12 and 13.

82 : 10. See Sir Harry Johnston, The Negro in the New
World, p. 343.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 295

83 : 8. See the Genealogical Records of the Society of the
Colonial Wars.

84 : 6. See the notes to p. 38.

84 : 11 seq. A letter from Abraham C. Strite. a lawyer of
Hagerstown, Maryland, contains additional information on
the so-called Pennsylvania Dutch. Mr. Strite says: "They
are not Palatine Germans, but largely Swiss who speak a
dialect of German. The writer happens to be of this stock.
Its characteristics are round head, black hair, dark brown
eyes, stocky stature, brunet type, all clearly indicating, ac-
cording to your analysis, an Alpine origin. This description
fairly well averages up the prevailing Pennsylvania Dutch
type of this section although there are some red heads and
some blonds which would indicate a Nordic admixture,
again meeting your argument. There are many other varie-
ties of Teutons in this section, but I am confining my remarks
to the class known as the Pennsylvania Dutch. I have never
made any head measurements among them but I am of the
opinion that the round-headed type vastly predominates.
The ancestors of these people emigrated from southern Eu-
rope, mostly Switzerland, in quite some numbers between the
years 1700 and 1775, and settled in Lancaster County, Pa.;
from thence they have spread out over the adjoining sec-
tions of Pennsylvania, down through the Cumberland valley
and into the valley of Virginia, and today they form an
important element of the population. They are the organ-
izers in America of the religious sect known as the Mennon-
ites.

"The early settlers of Germantown who were Mennonites,
were of Palatine stock. Of this there can be no doubt.
Later immigration to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, which
constituted the bulk of the Pennsylvania Dutch stock will be
found, I think, largely to have come from Switzerland, al-
though not exclusively. Rupp's 30,000 Names of Immigrants
to America gives the names, dates and sailings of this Men-
nonite stock. Your conclusions are correct enough for all
practical purposes but it seemed to me that the immigrants
from Switzerland and from the Palatinate might be dis-
tinguished."

296 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

Doctor C. P. Noble, of Radnor, Pa., writes concerning the
Pennsylvania Dutch: "I have seen much of them as patients
and as I have observed them they have the medium stature
and stocky build of the Alpines, also they have, usually,
broad, round faces which are associated with brachycephaly
and certainly they have always exhibited peasant traits.
Moreover, it is unusual to find a blond among them."

Doctor Jordan, of the Pennsylvania Historical Society,
furnished Doctor Noble with some data concerning them.
That there were some Alpine elements among them will ap-
pear from what follows. Doctor Jordan agreed that the
present-day Pennsylvania Germans are almost exclusively
brunet, with stocky bodies of moderate height. Existing
portraits of various leaders among them when they arrived
in Pennsylvania showed the same types. Furthermore,
Doctor Jordan's extensive reading of early documents re-
lating to them tends to confirm the belief that the present-
day descendants represent the original types. Tall blonds
are very rare among them.

Doctor Noble knows some individuals with Nordic traits,
but these were acquired by intermarriage with Anglo-Saxons.
Most of these groups came from southern Germany, from
Silesia on the east to the Palatinate on the west.

The following are Doctor Jordan's notes:

Moravians. They were located in Pennsylvania, at first
in Bethlehem and later in Nazareth. The land in Nazareth
was purchased of Whitfield, the predestinarian Methodist.

The Moravian immigration was carefully supervised. The
church either owned or chartered the vessels which brought
over the immigrants. Frequently it was definitely arranged
as to how many artisans of each trade should come over so
that they would prosper on arrival.

The Moravian immigration was small — about 500 up to
1750. Until about 1840 the Moravian settlements were
closed towns — no non-Moravians could buy property.

Not one quarter of the present Moravians are descendants
of the early settlers. The rest are converts or descendants
of converts. A connection exists between the Moravians,
Huss and his Protestant followers, and the Waldenses. A

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 297

short resume of this will be found in the Encyclopaedia Britan-
nica — under Huss and Moravians — from the world stand-
point.

Moravians migrated from Bohemia to Saxony and were
protected by Count Zinzendorf — a liberal Lutheran — and
lived on his estates. He assisted in their migration to Penn-
sylvania. Some went to Georgia and later to Pennsylvania.

Schwenkfelders. These were the followers of Kaspar
Schwenkenfeld (1490-1561). See the Encyclopaedia Britan-
nica for a short account. They formed a sect in Silesia
which has persisted. In 1720 a commission of Jesuits was
sent to convert them by force. Most of them fled into Sax-
ony and were protected by Count Zinzendorf. From thence
they migrated to Holland, England and Pennsylvania.
Frederick the Great, when he seized Silesia, protected those
remaining there.

Ursinus College, Collegeville, is Schwenkfelder. The sect
is not large and was located in or around Montgomery County.
Their migration to Saxony and also to Pennsylvania ante-
dated that of the Moravians. Generally speaking, they have
been much more aggressive and vigorous than the Moravians.

The Dunkards, Mennonites, Amish, and Seventh Day
Baptists (Wissahickon and Ephrata, Pennsylvania), came
from south Germany and the Palatinate.

The Harmony Society, small in numbers, the Lutherans
and German Reformed, came largely from south Germany
and the Palatinate, but also from other parts of Germany.
The Lutherans and the Reformed were the large sects in
Pennsylvania.

Germans from the Hudson valley migrated to Berks County
around Reading. The Swedes in New Jersey were almost
exclusively below Philadelphia — from Gloucester down the
Delaware River. Before the Revolution there were about
30,000 Germans in Pennsylvania, out of a total estimated
population of 100,000 to 120,000.

84 : 16. Scotch-Irish. See The Scotch-Irish in America,
by Henry Jones Ford; and also Sir George Trevelyan on the
Irish Protestants in chap. XI, vol. II, of George HI and
Charles Fox.

298 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

87 : 24. In this connection it is interesting to note that
an early Egyptian king said almost the same concerning the
negroes of his time. The quotation is taken from Hall's
Ancient History oj the Near East, pp. i6i-i62,andis a transla-
tion of a portion of the manifesto of Senusert III, of the
XHth dynasty, which he caused to be set up at the time
of the Nubian wars: "Vigor is valiant, but cowardice is vile.
He is a coward who is vanquished on his own frontier, since
the negro will fall prostrate at a word; answer him, and he
retreats; if one is vigorous, he turns his back, retiring even
when on the way to attack. Behold, these people have noth-
ing terrible about them; they are feeble and insignificant;
they have buttocks for hearts. I have seen it, even I, the
majesty; it is no lie. . . ."

88 : 9. Barrett Wendell, A Literary History oj America,
chap. III.

88 : 28. The belief in the approximation of the Anglo-
Saxon in America to the Amerindian is wide-spread, but is
entirely without justification, scientific or otherwise.

89 : 1. Hall, Immigration Restriction and World Eugenics,
and especially his Immigration, pp. 107-112.

91 : 1. Hall, 2.

94 : 1. Beddoe, 5, p. 416. For similar conclusions see
DeLapouge, passim; G. Retzius, 3; and Roese, Beitrage zur
Europaischen Rassenkunde. Fleure and James, pp. 125 and
1 51-15 2 make similar observations.

PART II

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

CHAPTER I. EOLITHIC MAN

97 : 10. Osborn, i, the tables on pp. 18 and 41.

98 : 15. Galton, pp. 309-310; Woods, 1, chap. XVIII.

99 : 5-10. A Statistical Study of American Men of Science,
J. McKeen Cattell, especially Science, vol. XXXII, no. 828,

PP- 553-555-

99 : 22. The authorities quoted by J. B. Bury in his
History of Greece are complete and concise. In chap. I he
discusses the Dorian conquest from p. 57 forward, and the
Homeric Mycenaean period (1600-1100 B. C.) from p. 20. A
very interesting instance of the truth of the picture of My-
cenaean culture as drawn by Homer occurs on p. 50, where
it is stated that much described by the poet, even to small
articles, has been unearthed during archaeological investi-
gations. "Although the poets who composed the Iliad and
Odyssey probably did not live before the ninth century, they
derived their matter from older lays."

99 : 27. Crete. For systems of Cretan writing see Sir
Arthur J. Evans, Cretan Pictographs and Pre-Phcenician
Script, Further Discoveries of Cretan and Mgean Script, Reports
of Excavations at Cnossus, Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos, and
Scripta Minoa. That the aboriginal "Eteocretan" language
existed until historic times is attested by the discoveries of
later inscriptions belonging to the fifth and succeeding cen-
turies B. C, which were written in Greek letters at this time
but in the indigenous, undecipherable tongue. They are
described by Comparetti, Mon. Ant., IH, pp. 451 seq., and by
R. S. Conway, 2, 3, especially pp. 125 seq., in vol. VIII. In
1908 another discovery was made by the Italian Mission at
Phaestus, of a clay disk with printed hieroglyphics which did
not belong to the Cretan system of writing. It is supposed
to have come from Asia Minor.

299

300 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

For other discoveries in Crete and other authorities see
R. M. Burrowes, C. H. and H. B. Dawes. On Cretan pot-
tery see Sir Duncan Mackenzie, 2, and Sir Arthur Evans, 2.
Sir Duncan Mackenzie also has a book on the Cretan pal-
aces. Bury, in his History of Greece, pp. 9 seq., gives a brief
description of Crete as revealed by archaeologists. Accord-
ing to them, the palaces of Cnossus and Phaestus were erected
before 2100 B. C, when Cretan civilization was well ad-
vanced. See also the note to p. 119 : 1 of this book.

99 : 28. Azilian period. See p. 115 of this book.

100 : 20 seq. Osborn, 1, p. 49 seq., and the note VII of
the appendix. See also the notes to p. 13 of this book.

100 : 28. Progressive dessication. Ellsworth Hunting-
ton, 2.

101 : 5. Arboreal Man. See the work of W. K. Gregory,
especially 3, p. 277; and John C. Merriam, pp. 203 and 206-
207.

101 : 12. Osborn, 1, note VII, p. 511, of the appendix;
and Merriam, pp. 205-208.

101 : 15. J. Pilgrim, The Correlation of the Siwaliks with
Mammal Horizons of Europe.

101:21. Java and the Pithecanthropus erectus. Dubois,
E. Fischer, and particularly G. Schwalbe. For the land con-
nection of Java with the mainland see Alfred Russel Wal-
lace's Island Life, and The Geography of Mammals, by W. L.
and P. L. Sclater.

101 : 27. Gunz glaciation. See Osborn's table of Geo-
logic Time, in 1, p. 41. The date given here is that made
by Penck.

102 : 1. W. D. Matthew, Revision of the Lower Eocene
Primates, and W. K. Gregory, The Evolution of the Pri-
mates.

102 : 13. Schoetensack, Der Unterkiefer des Homo Heidel-
bergensis aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg im Beitrag
zur Paldontologie des Menschen.

102 : 21. At the beginning of this Eolithic period wood
was used for clubs and probably as levers along with the
chance flints. Perhaps it was employed even earlier, but of
course no remains would come down to us.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 301

CHAPTER II. PALEOLITHIC MAN

For the material in this chapter the authorities, such as
Cartailhac, Boule, Breuil, Obermaier and Rutot are all
given in Osborn, 1, together with useful discussions of the
evidence. In special instances additional sources are in-
serted here.

105 : 17. Piltdown Man. See Charles Dawson, the dis-
coverer, 1, 2 and 3. There is a tremendous bibliography on
the Piltdown Man.

106 : 1. The Jaw of the Piltdown Man, Gerrit S. Miller.
From a later paper by Mr. Miller (2) we quote the following
from pp. 43-44:

"The combined characters of the jaw, molars and skull
were made the basis of a genus Eoanthropus, placed in the
family Hominidae. . . . While the brain case is human in
structure, the jaw and teeth have not yet been shown to
present any character diagnostic of man; the recognized
features in which they resemble human jaws and teeth are
merely those which men and apes possess in common. On
the other hand, the symphyseal region of the jaw, the canine
tooth and the molars are unlike those known to occur in any
race of men. . . . Until the combination of a human brain
case and nasal bones with an ape-like mandible, ape-like
lower molars and an ape-like upper canine has actually been
seen in one animal, the ordinary procedure of both zoology
and paleontology would refer each set of fragments to a
member of the family which the characters indicate. The
name Eoanthropus dawsoni has therefore been restricted to
the human elements of the original composite (Family Ho-
minidae), and the name Pan vetus has been proposed for the
animal represented by the jaw (Family Pongidae)."

See also The Dawn Man of Piltdown, England, by W. K.
Gregory. Ray Lancaster has made some interesting ob-
servations and is the most recent authority on this subject.

106 : 14. On the Neanderthal Man see Osborn and his
authorities.

107 : 21. A note on p. 385 of Rice Holmes's Ancient Brit-
ain is useful in this connection. "MM. de Quatrefages and

302 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

Hamy affirm that the Neanderthal race has left a perma-
nent imprint on the population, and refer to various skulls
of the Neolithic and later periods which resemble more or
less closely that of Neanderthal. Moreover, it is generally
admitted that even at the present day a few individuals here
and there belong to the same type. But it does not follow
that these persons to whom Dr. Beddoe and M. Hamy refer
were descended from men who lived in Britain in the Pale-
olithic age."

Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, mentions several famous
men who had typical Neanderthal skulls, among them Robert
Bruce.

108 : i seq. Beddoe, 4, pp. 265-266; Ripley, pp. 326-334,
but especially pp. 266, 330-331.

108 : 16. Ales Hrdlicka, The Most Ancient Skeletal Re-
mains of Man, considers the Neanderthal type extinct, as
do Keith, Antiquity of Man, passim, and A. C. Haddon.
Consult Barnard Davis, Thesaurus Craniorum, especially p.
70, and Beddoe, 2, as well as Osborn, 1, p. 217.

108 : 18. Firbolgs. See the note above to line 1; also
Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, p. 78.

109 : 8. Broca, according to Osborn, is responsible for
this theory.

109 : 1 7 seq. See pp. 329 seq. of Galton's Hereditary Genius.

no : 8. In Dordogne, France, there are people who look
as it is thought the Cro-Magnons did. These modern people
may belong to that type in the same way that here and there
people resembling the Neanderthals are still found. In
Dordogne these Cro-Magnon features are quite common,
and differ markedly from those of other Frenchmen. For
studies of this type see Collignon, 1. For full discussions of
the ancient Cro-Magnons see Keith, 1 and 2, and Osborn, 1.

no : n. Dr. Charles B. Davenport, in correspondence,
remarks: "There can be no doubt that the prolific shall in-
herit the earth or the proletariat shall inherit the earth, which
is etymologically the same thing. We see this law in action
in Russia today. . . . Can we build a wall high enough
around this country, so as to keep out these cheaper races,
or will it be only a feeble dam which will make the flood all

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 303

the worse when it breaks? Or should we admit the four
million picks and shovels which many of our capitalists are
urging Congress to admit in order to secure what wealth we
can for the moment, leaving it for our descendants to aban-
don the country to the blacks, browns and yellows, and seek
an asylum in New Zealand ? I am inclined to think that the
thing to do is to make better selection of immigrants, admit-
ting them in fairly large numbers so long as we can sift out
the defective strains."

in : 20 seq. £. Cartailhac says, in La France prihisto-
rique: "The race of Cro-Magnon is well determined. There
is no doubt about their high stature and Topinar4 is not the
only one who believes that they were blonds." See also G.
Retzius, 3. But he derives the Nordics from them. On
the other hand, the Dordogne people to-day are dark, and
many anthropologists are inclined to the belief that the
Cro-Magnons were brunets, a theory in which the writer
heartily concurs.

112 : 1. L'Abbe H. Breuil, Les subdivisions du paleolithique
suptrieur et leur signification, pp. 203-205. Other writers
such as Nilsson and Dawkins have also held this theory.

112 : 21. One of the few references to the bare possi-
bility of a Magdalenian dog occurs in Obermaier's El H ombre
Fdsil, the footnote on pp. 221 and 223. From this it ap-
pears that certain conclusions are drawn that if the Alpera
paintings are of late Magdalenian age, if certain nondescript
animals in those paintings are intended for dogs and if
those dogs are meant to be in a state of domestication, then
there can be no doubt whatever that the dog was domesti-
cated in Magdalenian times. But Obermaier does not feel
that this furnishes satisfactory proof.

112 : 25-p. 113. Bow and Arrow. Obermaier, 1, chap.
V, The Upper Paleolithic, p. 112, says: "The coarse stone
implements of the lower Paleolithic no longer exist, being
replaced by an industry of very fine flints and . . . certain
lances with points made of bone, horn or ivory, which were
very generally used. The use of the bow is proved by cer-
tain representations in mural pictures (i. e., the Archers of
Alpera, etc., eastern Spain, Magdalenian; Archer of Laussel,

304 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

France, Aurignacian)." See the corresponding plates in
chap. VII.

On p. 217 of chap. VII, Quaternary Art, there is a man
depicted in the pose of an archer. On p. 239 Obermaier
says: "Among . . . [the paintings of Alpera] are sketches
of more than 70 human figures, ... 13 are shown in the
act of shooting an arrow at other men or animals." * On
p. 241 he continues: "The paintings of eastern Spain of
Quaternary age also show archers." A recent letter from
the Abbe Henri Breuil says that the bow and arrow did not
exist in France in Paleolithic times, and he is, of course,
aware of the Laussel figure found by Lalanne and referred
to by Obermaier as proof. Alpera is agreed by Obermaier
to be of Tardenoisian age, consequently of the transition
period to the Neolithic. Beside Alpera, the only other in-
stance of pictured bows and arrows noted occurs at Calpata,
said to be of Upper Paleolithic age and Capsian industry.

See Fig. 174, p. 353, of Osborn, 1, giving a large bison draw-
ing in the cavern of Niaux on the Ariege, showing the sup-
posed spear or arrow-heads, attached to large shafts, which
are represented as having pierced its side. On p. 354 Os-
born says: "It is possible, although not probable, that the
bow was introduced at this time and that a less perfect flint
point, fastened to a shaft like an arrowhead, and projected
with great velocity and accuracy, proved to be far more
effective than the spear. . . . From these drawings and
symbols (Fig. 174), it would appear that barbed weapons of
some kind were used in the chase, but no barbed flints occur
at any time in the Paleolithic, nor has any trace been found
of bone barbed arrowheads, or any direct evidence of the
existence of the bow." On p. 410: "Here [Cavern of Niaux]
for the first time are revealed the early Magdalenian methods
of hunting the bison, for upon their flanks are clearly traced
one or more arrow or spear heads with the shafts still at-
tached; the most positive proof of the use of the arrow is

* If the Alpera paintings are of thi9 (Magdalenian?) period, then
the bow certainly existed at this time, but there is reason to be-
lieve that the paintings belong to a later epoch.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 305

the apparent termination of the wooden shaft in the feathers
which are rudely represented in three of the drawings."

113 13. Osborn, p. 456: "The flint industry [of the Azil-
ian] continues the degeneration begun in the Magdalenian
and exhibits a new life and impulse only in the fashioning of
extremely small or microlithic tools and weapons known as
'Tardenoisian.'" See also pp. 465-475 for a more complete
discussion and their distribution as traced by de Mortillet.
Also Breuil, 2, pp. 2-6, and 3, pp. 165-238, but especially
pp. 232-233.

Osborn continues, p. 450: "If it is true . . . that Europe
at the same time became more densely forested, the chase
may have become more difficult and the Cro-Magnons may
have begun to depend more and more upon the life of the
streams and the art of fishing. It is generally agreed that
the harpoons were chiefly used for fishing, and that many
of the microlithic flints, which now begin to appear more
abundantly, may have been attached to a shaft for the
same purpose. We know that similar microliths were used
as arrowpoints in pre-dynastic Egypt."

The microliths may have been used on darts for bird
hunting.

113 : ax. See Osborn, pp. 333 seq., and in this book the
note to p. 143 : 13 on the Tripolje culture.

115 19. Compare what Rice Holmes has to say on pp.
99-100 of his Ancient Britain.

117 : 18. Maglemose. This culture was first found and
described by G. F. L. Sarauw, in a work entitled En Stenolden
Boplads: Maglemose ved Mullerup. The same material is
given in "Trouvaille fait dans le nord de l'Europe datant
de la periode de l'hiatus," in the Congrbs prihistorique de
France. A site equivalent to the Maglemose in culture, but
discovered later, is described in "Une trouvaille de l'ancien
age de la pierre" (Braband), by MM. Thomsen and Jessen.
See also Obermaier, 2, pp. 467-469.

117 : 23. The Abbe Breuil, Les peintures rupestres d'Es-
pagne (with Serrano Gomez and Cabre Aguilo), IV, " Les
Abris del Bosque a Alpera (Albacete) " says: "Other peoples
known at present only from their industries, were advanciag

306 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

toward the close of the Upper Paleolithic along the northern
and southern shores of the Baltic and persisted for an ap-
preciable time before the arrival of the tribes introducing the
early Neoh'thic-Campignian culture which accumulated in the
Kitchen Middens along the same shores. Like the southern
races of the Azilian-Tardenoisian times these northerly tribes
were truly Pre-Neolithic, ignorant of both agriculture and
pottery; they brought with them no domesticated animals
excepting the dog, which is known at Mugem, at Tourasse
and at Oban, in northwestern Scotland.''

CHAPTER III. THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE
AGES

119 : i. See the Osborn tables. As evidence of far earlier
dates of the Neolithic in the east we may quote Sir A. J.
Evans, 2, p. 721. He calculates that the earliest settlement
at Knossos in Crete, which was Neolithic, is about 12,000
years old, for he assumes that in the western court of the
palace the average rate of deposit was fairly continuous.
Professor Montelius, in V Anthropologic, t. XVII, p. 137,
argues from the stratigraphy of finds at Susa that the be-
ginning of the Neolithic Age in the east may be dated about
18,000 B. C.

119 : 6. See the note to p. 147.

119 : 15. Balkh. Balkh, in Afghanistan, was the capital
of Bactria, the ancient name of the country between the
range of the Hindu Kush and the Oxus, and is now for the
most part a mass of ruins, situated on the right bank of the
Balkh River. The antiquity and greatness of the place are
recognized by the native populations who speak of it as the
" Mother of Cities," and it is certain that at a very early
date it was the rival of Ecbatana, Nineveh, and Babylon.

Bactria was subjugated by Cyrus and from then on formed
one of the satrapies of the Persian Empire. Zaborowski, 1,
p. 43, says: "After the conquests of Alexander there was
founded a Greco-Bactrian kingdom . . . which embraced
Sogdiana, Bactria and Afghanistan. The Greco-Bactrian
kings struck a quantity of coins. They bore a double legend,

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 307

the one Greek, the other still called Bactrian, which is not
Zend, nor even the language really spoken in Bactria. It is
a popular dialect derived from Sanskrit." Again on p. 185:
"Zend has been called, and is still called, Bactrian or Old
Bactrian, it may be because Bactria has been conceived as
the original country or an ancient place of sojourn of the
Persians; it may be because Zoroaster, a Median Magus, had,
according to a legend, fled to the Bactrians where he found
protection under Prince Vishtaspa. Eulogy of this prince
is often incorporated in the sayings of Zoroaster."

Later a new race appeared, tribes called Scythians by
the Greeks, amongst which the Tochari, identical with the
Yue-Chih of the Chinese, were the most important. Ac-
cording to Chinese sources, they entered Sogdiana in 159
B. C; in 139 they conquered Bactria, and during the next
generation they had made an end to the Greek rule in eastern
Iran. In the middle of the first century B. C. the whole of
eastern Iran and western India belonged to the great " Indo-
Scythian " Empire. In the third century the Kushan dynasty
began to decline; about 320 A. D. the Gupta Empire was
founded in India. In the fifth the Ephtalites, or "White
Huns," subjugated Bactria; then the Turks, about A. D.
560, overran the country north of the Oxus. In 1220 Jenghis
Khan sacked Balkh and levelled all buildings capable of de-
fence, while Timur repeated this treatment in the fourteenth
century. Notwithstanding this, Marco Polo could still, in
the following century, describe it as "a noble city and a
great."

See also Raphael Pumpelly, Explorations in Turkestan,
where 10,000 years is said to be the age of the remains of
early civilization. More modern authorities, however, do
not accept these ancient dates.

119 : 21. Osborn, 1, p. 479.

120 : 1 seq. Osborn, 1, pp. 493-495; Ripley, pp. 486-487,
and also S. Reinach, 3, and G. Sergi, 2, pp. 199-220.

120 : 28 seq. Oman, England before the Norman Conquest,
pp. 642 seq., says: "The position which he [Harold] chose is
that where the road from London to Hastings emerges from
the forest, on the ground named Senlac, where the village of

308 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

Battle now stands. . . . This hill formed the battleground.
... On reaching the lower slopes of the English position
the archers began to let fly their shafts, and not without ef-
fect, for as long as the shooting was at long range, there was
little reply, since Harold had but few bowmen in his ranks,
(the Fyrd, it is said, came to the fight with no defensive
weapons but the shield, and were ill-equipped, with javelins
and instruments of husbandry turned to warlike uses), and
the abattis, whatever its length or height, would not give
complete protection to the English. But when the advance
reached closer quarters, it was met with a furious hail of
missiles of all sorts — darts, lances, casting axes, and stone
clubs such as William of Poictiers describes, and the Bayeux
Tapestry portrays — rude weapons, more appropriate to the
neolithic age. . . . Many a moral has been drawn from
this great fight. . . . Neither desperate courage, nor num-
bers that must have been at least equal to those of the in-
vader, could save from defeat an army which was composed
in too great a proportion of untrained troops, and which was
behind the times in its organization. ... But the English
stood by the customs of their ancestors, and, a few years
before, Earl Ralph's attempt to make the thegnhood learn
cavalry tactics (see the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle), had been
met by sullen resistance and had no effect."

121:4. See the note to p. 128 : 2.

121 : 15. F. Keller, The Lake-Dwellings of Switzerland and
Other Parts of Europe; Schenck, La Suisse prehistorique, pp.
S33-549; G. and A. de Mortillet, Le Prehistorique, part 3,
and Munro, The Lake Dwellings of Europe. The lake-dwell-
ing, known as Pont de la Thiele, between the lakes of Bienne
and Neufchatel, according to Grillieron's calculations, is
dated 5000 B. C. See Keller, p. 462; Lyell, Antiquity of
Man, p. 29; Avebury, Prehistoric Times, p. 401; and De Mor-
tillet, Le Prehistorique, p. 621.

121 : 17. Schenck, p. 190, says concerning Switzerland:
"There were three [cultural] stages, stone, bronze, and iron.
... On the other hand, from the anthropological point of
view, this subdivision can also be made. In the first stage
[Neolithic Lacustrian], we find only brachy cephalic crania;

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 309

in the second there are an almost equal number of brachy-
cephalic and dolichocephalic; in the third there is a pre-
dominance of dolichocephalic " (that is, Schenck divides the
Neolithic into three periods according to skulls, and the
last runs into the age transitionary to bronze).

See also G. Herv6, Les populations lacustres, p. 140; His
and Rlitimeyer, Crania Helvetica, pp. 12, 34, etc.; and the
note on p. 275 of Rice Holmes's Ccesar's Conquest of Gaul.
Ripley gives useful and concise discussions on pp. 120, 471,
488 and 501.

121 : 19. See both Keller and Schenck for the numbers of
dwellings.

121 : 22. There were, of course, the caves and rock shelters
used during a large part of the year, but probably no other
regularly constructed dwellings served as permanent, all-the-
y ear -round places of abode prior to the lake dwellings, and it is
doubtful if these were inhabited in winter. It is generally be-
lieved that the custom of building pile villages arose from con-
siderations of safety. This protection would be absent when
the lakes were frozen over, and at the same time the huts would
be exposed on all sides, including the floor, to the wintry blasts
sweeping the lakes. They would in this way be rendered prac-
tically uninhabitable during the winter season.

Keller declares that the same type of dwelling is found
in the whole circle of countries which were formerly Celtic.
(Introduction, p. 2.) The Crannoges of Scotland and Ireland
continued in use until the age of iron in those countries. In
Switzerland the lake-dwellings disappeared about the first
century (p. 7). The population was numerous (p. 432),
large enough to have to depend upon cattle and agriculture

(P- 479)-

This type of dwelling is found from Ireland to Japan, and
even in South America. Many lake-dwellings exist at the
present day. The Welsh, Scotch and Irish Crannoges are
related in structure to the European fascine types (Keller,
p. 684 and Introduction). Others are built somewhat dif-
ferently, and are, of course, of independent origin. An an-
cient site was unearthed at Finsbury, on the outskirts of
London not long since, where there used to be a marsh.

3IO DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

The inhabitants of this lake- dwelling were native outcasts
during Romano-British times.

121 : 26. See Schenck, and Keller, p. 6. On p. 140 of
Keller we read: "The Pile Dwellings of eastern Switzerland
ceased to exist before the bronze age or at its beginnings;
those of western Switzerland came to their full development
during this period." On p. 37, describing the settlement of
Mooseedorfsee Keller says: "A very striking circumstance
ought to be mentioned, namely, that even heavy implements,
such as stone chisels, grinding or sharpening stones, etc.,
were found quite high in the relic bed, while lighter objects,
such as those made out of bone, were met with much deeper."
It is known that the Mooseedorfsee settlement is very old.
No metal has been found here, but a bone arrow-head is
described by Keller on p. 38. He remarks that the bones of
very large animals were uncommonly numerous. It seems
as if the earlier inhabitants were users of bone rather than
of stone implements.

122 : 1. Herodotus, V, 16 describes them. He also is the
source of our information regarding the keeping of cattle,
although archaeological finds have proved the location of
stables out on the platforms between the houses. His in-
teresting account is given herewith: "Their manner of
living is the following. Platforms supported upon tall piles
stand in the middle of the lake, which are approached from
land by a single narrow bridge. At the first the piles which
bear up the platforms were fixed in their place by the whole
body of the citizens, but since that time the custom which
has prevailed about fixing them is this: they are brought
from a hill called Orbelus, and every man drives in three for
each wife that he marries. Now the men all have many
wives apiece; and this is the way in which they live. Each
has his own hut, wherein he dwells, upon one of the platforms,
and each has also a trap door giving access to the lake be-
neath; and their wont is to tie their baby children by the
foot with a string, to save them from rolling into the water.
They feed their horses and their other beasts upon fish,
which abound in the lake to such a degree that a man has
only to open his trap door and to let down a basket by a

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 311

rope into the water and then to wait a very short time,
when he draws it up quite full of them. The fish are of two
kinds, which they call the paprax and the tilon."

122 13. In the Introduction, p. 2, and elsewhere Keller
says regarding cattle: "Cattle were kept, not on land, as in
the Terramara region, but on the platforms themselves,
out in the lakes. Many charred remains of stables and
stable refuse have been taken from the lakes, but only from
certain parts of the sites, between those of the houses."
See also Schenck, p. 188.

Rice Holmes, pp. 89-90 of Ancient Britain, says of that
country that agriculture was limited in the Neolithic, but
flourished in the Bronze Age.

122 : 14. The Terramara Period. Keller, pp. 378 seq.
As related to Switzerland, pp. 391, 393. For swamp and
river bank sites, pp. 391, 397 seq. For bronze in Terramara
settlements, p. 386. For the Upper Robenhausian, see
Schenck, p. 190, and Montelius, La civilisation primitive en
Italic Peet, The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy, and Munro,
The Lake Dwellings of Europe and Paleolithic Man and the
Terramara Settlements must also be read in this connection.
Schwerz, Volkerschaften der Schweiz, gives, for the average
cranial indices of the Lake Dwellers, 79 during the Stone
Age, 75.5 in the Copper Age, and 77 in the Bronze Age. Of
these last 14 per cent only were brachy cephalic, 20 per
cent were extremely long-headed. In the Iron Age 46
per cent were brachycephalic. Consult also Deniker, 2,
p. 316.

122 : 21. Ripley, pp. 502-503; Sergi, 2; Robert Munro, 2;
Peet, 2.

122 : 27-123 : 4. See the note to p. 117 : 18.

123 15. On the Kitchen Middens, see especially Madsen,
Sophus Miiller and others in Ajfaldsdynger fra Stenaldern i
Danmark.

123 : 12. Salomon Reinach, 3 and 5; Deniker, 2, p. 314;
and Peake, 2, p. 156, where we find the following: "Over the
greater part of Sweden, — all, in fact, except a strip of coast-
line on the western side of Scania, — and all along the shore of
the Baltic from the Gulf of Bothnia southwards and west-

312 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

wards as far as a point midway between the Vistula and the
Oder, there are found abundant remains of a primitive civili-
zation which dates from the Neolithic Age, and indeed, from
early in that age. This civilization, known as the East
Scandinavian or Arctic culture, extended, perhaps later, over
the whole of Norway."

Consult the notes to pp. 125 : 4 seq. for western trade.

123 : 20. Sergi, 4; Beddoe, 4, pp. 26, 29; Fleure and James,
pp. 122 seq.

123 : 23. Paleolithic Population. Fleure and James,
Anthropological Types in Wales, p. 120. Rice Holmes, An-
cient Britain, p. 380, says they were confined to the South.
No Paleolithic implements were found north of Lincoln, or
at least of the East Riding of Yorkshire.

123 : 26. John Munro, The Story of the British Race, p.
45 ; Rice Holmes, Ancient Britain, p. 68; and Fleure and
James, pp. 40, 69-74, 122 seq.

124 14. For the Alpines see pp. 134 seq. of this book.
124 : 9. Consult the note to p. 143 on this subject.

124 : 15. On the Nordics see pp. 167 seq. and 213 seq.
On the Scandinavian blonds see the note to p. 20 : 5.

124 : 20. See the notes to pp. 168 seq.

125 : 1. G. Elliot Smith, The Ancient Egyptians, especially
pp. 146 and 149 seq.; Breasted, 1, 2 and 3; Keane, Ethnology,
pp. 72 seq.; Sophus Miiller, L' Europe prihistorique, p. 49;
Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, p. 3.

125 : 4. Deniker, 2, pp. 314-315: "The great trade route
for amber, and perhaps tin, between Denmark and the
Archipelago is well known at the present day; it passes
through the valley of the Elbe, the Moldau and the Danube.
The commercial relations between the north and the south
explain the similarities which archaeologists find between
Scandinavian bronze objects and those of the ./Egean dis-
trict."

See also E. H. Minns, Scythians and Greeks, for trade in
the East, via the Vistula, Dnieper and Danube, pp. 438-446,
458, 459, 465, 493, etc.; and Dechellette, Manuel d'Archto-
logie, t. I, p. 626, and II, p. 19. Herodotus IV, 23, gives the
trade route from the Hyperboreans to Delos. F61ix Sar-

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 313

tiaux, Troie, La Guerre de Troie, pp. 162, 181, also discusses
the trade routes for amber.

125 : 7. Amber. Tacitus, Germania: "They [the tribes
of the iEstii] ransack the sea also and are the only people
who gather in the shallows and on the shore itself the amber
which they call in their tongue 'gl^esum.' Nor have they,
being barbarians, inquired or learned what substance or
process produces it; nay, it lay there long among the rest of
the flotsam and jetsam of the sea, until Roman luxury gave
it a name. To the natives it is useless; it is gathered crude,
it is forwarded to Rome unshaped; they are astonished to
be paid for it. Yet you may infer that it is the exudation
of trees: certain creeping and even winged creatures are con-
tinually found embedded; they have been entangled in its
liquid form and as the material hardens, are imprisoned. I
should suppose, therefore, that, just as in the secluded places
of the East, where frankincense and balsam are exuded, so
in the islands and lands of the West, there are groves and
glades more than ordinarily luxuriant," etc.

Amber, if rubbed, has magnetic qualities and develops elec-
tricity. Our word "electricity" is derived from its Greek
name, "electron." Tacitus says: "If you try the qualities
of amber by setting fire to it, it kindles like a torch and soon
dissolves into something like pitch and resin."

125 : 13. Gowland, Metals in Antiquity, pp. 236, 252 seq.

125 : 15 seq. Copper. Reisner's opinion that the pre-
dynastic Egyptians invented the use of copper (Naga-ed-
Dtr, I, p. 134) which is followed by Elliot Smith (Ancient
Egyptians, p. 3), is not the view held by all scholars. Hall
believes that the knowledge of the use of metal came to the
prehistoric southern Egyptians (Ancient History of the Near
East, p. 90), toward the end of the pre-dynastic age from
the north. But he counts the Mount Sinai and Cyprus de-
posits as northern centres of origin from which a knowledge
of the working of the metal radiated.

The mines of the Sinaitic peninsula were worked for cop-
per at the time of Seneferu, about 3733 B. C, and probably
much earlier (Gowland, p. 245, and elsewhere), "but long
before the actual mining operations were carried on, how

314 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

long it is impossible to say, the metal must have been ob-
tained by primitive methods from the surface ore. It is
hence not unreasonable to assume that at least as early as
about 5000 B. C. the metal copper was known and in use in
Egypt." The same writer believes "that an earlier date
than 5000 B. C. should be assigned to the first use of copper
in the Chaldean region." In this he bases himself on the
discovery of copper figures associated with bricks and tablets
bearing the name of King Ur-Nina (about 4500 B. C), and
the fact that the upper Tigris region is known to contain
rich deposits of the mineral. Jastrow, Jr., assigns the date
of 3000 B. C. to Ur-Nina, which may be more correct.
GowlandMates copper in Cyprus at 2500 B. C, or even 3000,
judging by the finds at Crete dated 2500 B. C. In the Troad
he thinks it was used not later than in Cyprus. For China
the date is unknown, but if we accept 2205, given in the
Chinese annals as the time when the nine bronze caldrons
were cast, which are often mentioned in the historical records,
then copper may have been in use as early as 3000, or even
earlier. De Morgan dates copper at 4400 B. C. in Egypt,
where it was found in the supposed tomb of Menes.

See also Lord Avebury, Prehistoric Times, pp. 71-72, who
gives 3730 for copper-working in Sinai, and its first appear-
ance about 5000 B. C. Montelius, 1, p. 380, gives copper in
Cyprus as about 2500 B. C, hardly 3000; and for Egypt
5000; he regards it as having been known in Babylon at
about the same time. Breasted, Ancient Times, assigns the
date of the earliest copper as at least 4000 in Egypt.

125 : 27. Eduard Meyer, 1, p. 41. But cf. Reisner, Naga-
ed-Dtr, I, p. 126, note 3. Also Hall, Ancient History of the
Near East, p. 28.

126 : 1. Elliot Smith, 1, p. 8: "Most serious scholars who
concern themselves with the problems of the ancient his-
tory of Egypt and Babylonia have now abandoned these in-
flated estimates of the lengths of the historical periods in
the two empires; and it is now generally admitted that
Meyer's estimate of 34co±ioo B. C. is a close approxima-
tion to the date of the union of Upper and Lower Egypt
and that the blending of Semitic and Sumerian cultures in

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 315

Babylonia took place shortly after the time of this event in
the Nile valley." See also Hall, Ancient History of the Near
East, p. 3.

126 : 7. Bronze. Rice Holmes, 1, p. 125: "The oldest
piece of bronze that has yet been dated was found at Medum,
in Egypt, and is supposed to have been cast about 3700 B. C.
But the metal may have been worked even earlier in other
lands; for a bronze statuette and a bronze vase, which were
made twenty-five centuries before our era have been ob-
tained from Mesopotamia and the craft must have passed
through many stages before such objects could have been
produced. Yet it would be rash to infer that either the
Babylonians or the Egyptians invented bronze for neither
in Egypt nor in Babylonia is there any tin. The old theory
that it was a result of Phoenician commerce with Britain has
long been abandoned and British bronze implements are
so different from those of Norway and Sweden, Denmark and
Hungary, that it cannot have been derived from any of these
countries. German influence was felt at a comparatively
late period, but from first to last British bronze culture was
closely connected with that of Gaul and through Gaul with
that of Italy."

126 : 9. Gowland, p. 243: "It has been frequently stated
that the alloy used by the men of the Bronze Age generally
consists of copper and tin in the proportions of 9 to 1. I
have hence compared the analyses which have been pub-
lished with the following results:

EARLY WEAPONS AND IMPLEMENTS. 57 ANALYSES

In 25 the tin ranges from about 8 to 11 per cent.

" 6 " '* ' 11 " 13

" 26 " " " " " 3 " 8

ti <<

LATER PALSTAVES AND SOCKETED AXES. 15
ANALYSES

In 13 the tin ranges from about 4.3 to 13. 1 per cent.
" 2 " " was about 18.3 per cent.

SPEAR AND LANCE HEADS
In 5 the tin ranges from about 11.3 to 15.7 per cent.

316 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

STILL LATER. SWORDS. 33 ANALYSES

In 14 the tin ranges from about 8 to 1 1 per cent.
" 12 " " " " " 12 " 18 "
" 7 " " is less than 9 per cent.

"It is obvious, therefore, that these statements do not ac-
curately represent the facts. And if we consider the differ-
ent uses to which the implements or weapons were put, it is
evident that no single alloy could be equally suitable for
all. ... It is worthy of note that these proportions (i. e.,
different hardnesses for different implements) appear to have
been frequently attained, and for this the men of the later
Bronze Age are deserving of great credit as metallurgists and
workers in metal."

On the percentages of tin with copper for bronze see also
Montelius, 1, pp. 448 seq.

126 : 12. Schenck, p. 241, describes a copper axe exactly
like those of polished stone, and another of bronze, of very
primitive pattern, showing that these were copied from the
earlier stone models.

Some authorities think that iron, in Egypt at least, came
in about the same time as bronze, or even earlier. Certain
peoples missed altogether one or another of these stages, as
the absence of remains indicates. For instance, the central
Africans had, as far as is known, no bronze age, but passed
directly from the use of stone to that of iron. (See Rice
Holmes, Ancient Britain, p. 123.) See the notes to p. 129
on the value of iron. Occasional implements of any material
better than that ordinarily in use, which had been intro-
duced by trade or acquired by fighting, were very highly
prized. Any books on primitive peoples contain references
to the value of such "foreign tools."

126 : 24. Diodorus Siculus, V. Consult Crania Britan-
nica, by Davis and Thurnam, the chapter on the "Historical
Ethnology of Britain," for evidence that the Phoenicians did
have intercourse with Britain. For a full discussion of this
disputed question see pp. 483-514 in Rice Holmes's Ancient
Britain. Herodotus and other early writers allude to the
fleets of the Phoenicians, and of course the voyage of Pythias

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 317

about the last half of the fourth century B. C. was under-
taken to discover the source of the Phoenician tin. See
Holmes's Britain, pp. 217-226; D'Arbois de Jubainville, Les
premiers habitants de V Europe, vol. I, chap. V; Hall, Ancient
History of the Near East, pp. 158,402-403 ; and G.Elliot Smith,
Ancient Mariners, on the Phoenicians.

On pp. 251-252 of Ancient Britain, Rice Holmes makes the
suggestion that the export of tin from Britain may have died
down by Roman times.

127 : 9 seq. G. Elliot Smith, 1, p. 178, and map 3. Deniker,
2» P- 3J5> says: "It is generally admitted that the ancient
Bronze Age corresponds with the ' iEgean Civilization ' which
flourished among the peoples inhabiting, between the thir-
tieth and twentieth centuries B. C, Switzerland, the north
of Italy, the basin of the Danube, the Balkan peninsula, a
part of Anatolia, and lastly, Cyprus. It gave rise, between
1700 and 1 100 B. C, to the 'Mycenaean Civilization/ of
which the favorite ornamental design is the spiral."

Myers, in Ancient History, pp. 134-135, states that in Crete
the metal development began as early, at least, as 3000
B. C, and was at its height in the island about 1600 or 1500
B. C. Articles of Cretan handiwork found in Egypt point
to intercourse with that country as early as the sixth dynasty,
which he makes about 2500 B. C. See also G. Elliot Smith,
1, pp. 147, 179-180, and the authorities quoted on bronze.

127 : 26-128 : 1 seq. G. Elliot Smith, 1, pp. 178-180.
Rice Holmes, 1, p. 123, gives in a foot-note the sixth dynasty
as about 3200 B. C. (cf. above), when Elliot Smith says the
movement first began (ibid., pp. 169, 171). They do not
agree on the date of this dynasty. See also Rice Holmes
(ibid., p. 125), and Breasted, 3, p. 108. Montelius assigns
2100 B. C. for the small copper daggers of northern Italy.

128 : 2. The Eneolithic period. G. Elliot Smith, 1, pp.
20 seq., 37 and 163 seq. Professor Orsi is responsible for the
introduction of this term. See T. E. Peet, The Stone and
Bronze Ages in Italy, and G. Sergi, Italia, pp. 240 seq., on the
Eneolithic period in Italy.

128 : 13. Oscar Montelius, The Civilization of Sweden in
Heathen Times, and Kulturgeschichte Schwedens von den alte-

318 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

sten Zeiten; Sophus Miiller, Nordische Alter thumskunde. The
latter gives 1200 B. C. See also Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 64, 127,
424-454; Beddoe, 4, p. 15; Haddon, 3, p. 41. According to
Gjerset, in his History of the Norwegian People, the Bronze
Age in Norway began about 1500 B. C, the Iron Age at
500 B. C. Lord Avebury, pp. 71-72; Read, Guide to the An-
tiquities of the Bronze Age; and Deniker, 2, p. 315, give 1800
B. C. for Britain, and for northern Europe Avebury assigns
2500 B. C. 1800 is the generally accepted date for the be-
ginning of the Bronze Age in Britain.

128 : 16. Alpines in Ireland. Beddoe, 4, p. 15; Fleure
and James, pp. 128-129, 135, 139; Rice Holmes, 1, p. 432;
Ripley, pp. 302-303; Abercromby, pp. in seq.; Crawford, pp.
184 seq. But Fleure and James say, p. 138, that other Al-
pines without brow ridges are to be found at the present
time in considerable numbers on the east coast of Ireland.
Ripley's strong assertion that no Alpines have remained in
the British Isles has been proved by more recent study to
require modification.

128 : 17. See in this connection Fleure and James, p. 127.

128 : 26. Cf. Elliot Smith, 1, pp. 20-21, 163, 181; Peet,
2; Reisner, Early Dynastic Cemeteries of Naga-ed-Der; and
Rice Holmes, 1, p. 65 seq.

129 : 2-8. The megaliths were not erected by Alpines,
for there are practically none in central Europe, according
to Keane, Ethnology, pp. 135-136, and Dr. Robert Munro, in
a discussion published in the Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., 1889-
1890, p. 65. On the other hand, Peet, 1, pp. 39, 64, says
they are being discovered in the interior — a few in Ger-
many. He does not mention bronze among the finds in the
megaliths of France, but there was a little gold. Bronze was,
however, found in Spain. Consult Fleure and James, pp.
128 seq.; Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 8-9; and, for an exhaustive ar-
chaeological study, Dechellette, Manuel d'archiologie, vol. I,
chap. Ill, especially paragraph v, pp. 393 seq., for dolmens in
Brittany. Concerning the contents of these we may quote
the following:

"Polished hatchets, often enough of rare stone, beads from
necklaces, and pendants of Callais or of divers materials,

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 319

implements of flint, knives, arrow points which are wing-
shaped, scrapers, nodules, grinding stones, pottery, vases,
grains of baked earth, some rare jewels of gold, collars and
bracelets, such is, in general, the composition of the con-
tents of the neolithic dolmens of Brittany, contents different,
as we shall see, from those of the sepulchres of the Bronze
Age in the same region. These vast Armorican crypts be-
long certainly to the end of the Neolithic period, in spite of
the absence of copper, the habitual forerunner of bronze ob-
jects. The smallness of the crypt, the size of the tumulus,
the mixture of construction in huge blocks and in walls seem
to indicate, as M. Cartailhac has observed, a more recent
age than that of ordinary dolmens. In the pure Bronze
Age the monolithic supports are replaced by the walls of
unmortared stones.

"Moreover, we shall see that there have been found in
certain covered alleys in Brittany, pottery of a very char-
acteristic type called calciform vases, pottery belonging in
the south of France and southern Europe with the first ob-
jects of copper and bronze. Jewels of gold confirm, on the
other hand, these chronological determinations." On p.
397: "The dolmen sepulchres of the Bronze Age in Brittany,
and notably in Finisterre, are distinguished more often by
the type of their construction from those of the Stone Age."

"The dolmens of Normandy and Isle de France contain
some stone objects, fragments of vases, and numerous debris
of human skeletons." The end of the pure Neolithic is the
date of the megaliths in Armorica, as we read on p. 407.
The first metals, imported from the south, penetrated into
northern Gaul a little later than in the southern provinces.
That is why certain typical objects of the end of the pure
Neolithic in Armorica, such as Callais and the calciform
vases, are associated with the first objects of copper or bronze
in the funerary crypts of Provence and Portugal.

G. Elliot Smith and W. H. R. Rivers claim that there is a
close connection throughout the eastern hemisphere between
the distribution of megalithic monuments and either ocean
or fresh-water pearls, but this appears to the author to be
far-fetched. Two very recent articles dealing with mega-

320 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

liths are "Anthropology and Our Older Histories," by Fleure
and Winstanley, and "The Menhirs of Madagascar," by
A. L. Lewis.

129 : 8. Rice Holmes, Casar's Conquest of Gaul, p. 9.

129 : 12. Earliest iron in the north. See the notes to
pp. 131 : 1 and 131 : 9 on the La Tene period. Also Mon-
telius, 2, and Sophus Muller, 2, pp. 145 and 165 seq.

129 : 13. Mound burials among the Vikings. Monte-
lius, 2.

129 : 15. Iron in Egypt. Some authorities think that
iron in Egypt came in about the same time as bronze, or
even earlier. A piece of worked iron was found in the Great
Pyramid, to which a date of about 3500 B. C. has been as-
signed. But, according to the archaeological investigations
of Professor Flinders Petrie, iron came into general use only
about 800 B. C.

Myres, in The Dawn of History, is quoted from p. 60 for
the following neat summary, although any of the authorities
on Egypt, such as Petrie, Maspero, Hall, Breasted, Elliot
Smith, Reisner, Meyer, etc., should be consulted as original
investigators: "The presence of iron, rare though it is, as
far back as the first dynasty, puts Egypt into a position
which is unique among metal-using lands; for, apart from
these rare, but quite indisputable finds, Egypt remains for
thousands of years a bronze-using, and for long, a merely
copper-using, country. ... In Egypt iron was known as
a rarity, worn as a charm and an ornament, and even used,
when it could be gotten ready made, as an implement;
and it does not seem to have been worked in the country,
and probably its source was unknown to the Egyptians.
In historic times they still called it the 'metal of heaven' as
if they obtained it from meteorites; and it looks at present
as though their earliest knowledge of it was from the south;
for central Africa seems to have had no bronze age but direct
and ancient transition from stone to iron weapons. Yet
when they conquered Syria in the sixteenth century, they
found it in regular use and received it in tribute. At home,
however, they had no real introduction to an 'Age of Iron'
until they met an Assyrian army in 668 B.C. and began to

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 321

be exploited by Greeks from over sea." In this connection
see also Ridgeway, The Early Age of Greece, pp. 613-614.
The same author, pp. 154 seq., discusses the value of iron in
these early times.

Deniker, p. 315 of his Races of Man, says Italy had iron
as early as 1200 B. C.

Montelius assigns 1100 for iron in Etruria.

129 : 19. Hallstatt iron culture. See Baron von Sacken,
Das Grabfeld von Hallstatt; Dr. Moritz Hoernes, Die Hallstatt-
periode; Bertrand and Salomon Reinach, Les Celts dans les
valines du P6 et du Danube; and Ridgeway, The Early Age of
Greece, pp. 407-480 and 594 seq. There is a brief summary
by Ridgeway which it will serve to quote: "Everywhere
else the change from iron weapons to bronze is immediate
but at Hallstatt iron is seen gradually superseding bronze,
first for ornament, then for edging cutting implements, then
replacing fully the old bronze types and finally taking new
forms of its own. There can be no doubt that the use of
iron first developed in the Hallstatt area and that thence it
spread southwards into Italy, Greece, the JEgea.11, Egypt and
Asia, and northwards and westwards in Europe. At Noreia,
which gave its name to Noricum, less than forty miles from
Hallstatt, were the most famous iron mines of antiquity,
which produced the Noric swords so prized and dreaded by
the Romans. (See Pliny, Hist. Nat., XXXIV, 145; Horace,
Epod., 17 : 71.) This iron needed no tempering and the
Celts had found it ready smelted by nature just as the Eski-
mos had learned of themselves to use telluric iron embedded
in basalt. . . . The Hallstatt culture is that of the Homeric
Achaeans (see Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, pp. 407 seq.),
but as the brooch (along with iron, cremation of the dead,
the round shield and the geometric ornament), passed down
into Greece from central Europe, and as brooches are found
in the lower town at Mycenae, 1350 B. C, they must have
been invented long before that date in central Europe. But
as they are found here in the late bronze and early iron age,
the early iron culture of Hallstatt must have originated long
before 1350 B. C, a conclusion in accordance with the ab-
sence of silver at Hallstatt itself."

322 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

Keller, p. 160, describes an iron sword modelled after the
same pattern as those of bronze; Schenck, p. 341, mentions
a copper axe exactly like those of stone, and another of bronze
of very primitive pattern. These and numerous other ex-
amples show the gradual growth of each age.

The generally accepted date for Hallstatt is about 900 or
1000 B. C. Even Rice Holmes approves of this. (See 2,
p. 9.) But if we believe that iron spread from Hallstatt,
and it was in Etruria at 1 200-1 100 B. C, and in Greece, in
the form of swords like those of Hallstatt, at 1400 B. C.
(according to Ridge way), together with pins and various
other objects which originated in the Tyrol, it is certainly
very conservative to place the appearance of iron in Aus-
tria at 1500 B. C. Iron weapons were found in the re-
mains of Troy from the war of 11 84 B. C. See Ridgeway,
op. cit., and Lartiaux, p. 179.

We may quote from Hoernes as follows regarding the dates:
"The temporal limits of the Hallstatt period are uncertain,
according to the districts which one includes and the phe-
nomena which one considers. It is now known that the Hall-
statt relics for the most part belong to the first half of the
last millennium B. C. But while some assign these relics as
from the time of perhaps 1200 to perhaps 500, others are
satisfied with the period from 900 to 400, or bring them even
farther forward. It is certain that one must differentiate in
these questions between the west and the east of the Hall-
statt culture areas; in the one the particular Hallstatt forms
would come nearer to the close than in the other. One or
perhaps more centuries he between the first appearance of
the La Tene forms in Western Germany and in the eastern
Alps. Also the beginning varies according to the locality
and the criteria which one takes for a guide, that is to say,
according to whether the phenomena of the time about 1000
B. C. are considered as belonging still in the pure Bronze
Age, to a transition period, or indeed to the first Iron Age."

129 : 26. Ridgeway, speaking of the Achaeans, says:
"They brought with them iron which they used for their
long swords and cutting implements. . . . The culture of
the Homeric Achaeans" (these are dated about 1000 B. C,

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 323

about the time of the Dorians, according to Bury, p. 57)
"corresponds to a large extent with that of the early Iron
Age of the Upper Danube (Hallstatt) and to the early Iron
Age of Upper Italy (Villanova)."

Myres, Dawn of History, p. 175, says that there was a
gradual introduction of iron, first for tools and then for
weapons. It had been known as "precious metal" in the
iEgean since the late Minoan third period, or even the late
Minoan second period, which is usually dated with the
XVIIIth Egyptian dynasty as about 1 500-1350. Most other
writers, however, including Bury, p. 57, Myers, Anc. Hist.,
p. 136, and Deniker, Races of Man, p. 315, ascribe the gen-
eral use of iron to a much later invasion, namely that of the
Dorians, about 1100 B. C.

129 : 29. Iron swords of the Nordics. Ridgeway, 1, pp.
407 seq. : "Their chief weapon was a long iron sword; with
trenchant strokes delivered by these long swords the Celts
had dealt destruction to their foes on many a field. They
used not the thrust, as did the Greeks and Romans of the
classical period. This is put beyond doubt by Polybius
(II, 30) who in his account of the great defeat suffered by
the combined tribes of Transalpine Gaesata?, Insubres, Boii
and Taurisci, when they invaded Italy in 225 B. C, tells us
that the Romans had the advantage in arms 'for the Gallic
sword can only deliver a cut but cannot thrust.' Again in
his account of the great victory gained over the Insubres
by the Romans in 223 B. C, the same historian tells us that
the defeat of the Celts was due to the fact that their long
iron swords easily bent, and could only give one downward
cut with any effect, but that after this the edges got so
turned and the blades so bent, that unless they had time to
straighten them out with the foot against the ground, they
could not deliver a second blow.

"'When the Celts had rendered their swords useless by
the first blows delivered on the spears the Romans closed
with them and rendered them quite helpless by preventing
them from raising their hands to strike with their swords,
which is their peculiar and only stroke, because their blade
has no point. The Romans, on the contrary, having excel-

324 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

lent points to their swords, used them not to cut but to thrust;
and by thus repeatedly smiting the breasts and faces of the
enemy, they eventually killed the greater number of them.'
(II, 33 and III.)"

Further evidence in support of our contention that iron
was in use much earlier than is generally admitted, comes
from an unexpected quarter. J. N. Svoronos, in a recent
book on ancient Greek coinage, entitled L'HelUnism primitif
de la Macidoine, prouve" par la numismatique, p. 171, remarks:
"In the first place, indeed, it is forgotten that some of this
information, that which is derived from people of 'mythical*
times, can be referred not only to the invention of the first
money struck in precious metal (gold, electrum, or silver),
but even to obelisks of iron, or to cast plinths in the form of
copper axes, which, of a determined weight, and legally
guaranteed by the state, constituted, already before the
XVth century, as we positively know at the present time, the
first legal money."

130 : 2. Keary, The Vikings in Western Christendom,
chap. XIII; Steenstrup, N ormannerne.

130 : 4. "Furor Normanorum." On account of the suf-
fering inflicted by the Vikings and other northern raiders in
Europe, a special prayer, A furore Normanorum libera nos
was inserted in some of the litanies of the West.

130 : 5. Rome was sacked by Alaric in 410 A. D., and
during the forty years following the German tribes seized
the greater part of the Roman provinces and established in
them what are known as the Barbarian Kingdoms. Consult
Villari, The Barbarian Invasions of Italy.

130 : 8 seq. See chap. XIII, pp. 242 seq., of this book.

130 : 13 seq. Ripley, pp. 125-126. The discovery of the
Alpine type was the work of Von Baer.

130 : 24. The Iron Age in western Europe. Deniker, 2,
p. 315, says: "So also, according to Montelius, the introduc-
tion of iron dates only from the fifth or third century B. C.
in Sweden, while Italy was acquainted with this metal as
far back as the twelfth century B. C. The civilization of
the 'iron age/ distributed over two periods, according to
the excavations made in the stations of Hallstatt (Austria)

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 325

and La Tene (Switzerland), must have been imported from
central Europe into Greece through Illyria. The importa-
tion corresponds perhaps with the Dorian invasion of the
Peloponnesus. . . . The Hallstattian civilization flourished
chiefly in Carinthia, southern Germany, Switzerland, Bo-
hemia, Silesia, Bosnia, the southeast of France and southern
Italy (the pre-Etruscan age of Montelius). The period which
followed, called the second, or iron age or the La Tene period,
was prolonged until the first century B. C. in France, Bo-
hemia and England. In Scandinavian countries the first
iron age lasted until the sixth century, and the second iron
age until the tenth century A. D." Referring to the La Tene
period in a footnote, Deniker says: "This term, first used in
Germany, is accepted by almost all men of science. The
La Tene period corresponds pretty nearly with the 'Age
Marmien' of French archaeologists and the 'Late Celtic' of
English archaeologists. Cf. M. Hoernes, Urgeschichte d.
Mensch., chapters VIII and LX."

Rice Holmes, 1, p. 231, remarks: "Iron in Britain is hardly
older than 500 B. C. (*. e. the earliest products of the British
iron age were traded in. See p. 229). In Gaul the Hallstatt
period is believed to have lasted from about 800 to about
400 B. C." On p. 126: "It is certain that in the south-
eastern districts iron tools began to be used not later than
the fourth century B. C."

See also Sir John Evans, Ancient Bronze Implements, pp.
470-472. Consult especially Dechellette, Manuel d'archio-
logie, t. II, pp. 152 seq., on iron in western Gaul during the
La Tene period.

130 : 28. La Tene Period. M. Wavre and P. Vouga,
Extrait du Muste neuckatelois, p. 7; V. Gross, La Tene, un
oppidum helvete; E. Vouga, Les Helvbtes a La Tene; and F.
Keller, The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland.

131 : 3. Montelius suggests this date. Lord Avebury,
in Prehistoric Times, even goes so far as to suggest 1000 B. C.

131 : 5. Rice Holmes, 2, the footnote to p. 9; Dechel-
lette, Manuel d'archSologie, t. II, p. 552.

131 : 9. La Tene culture and the Nordic Cymry. This
is also in Britain termed the "Late Celtic period." See Rice

326 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

Holmes, 2, p. 318. For the expansion of the Celtic empire
and La Tene see Jean Bruhnes, p. 779. G. Dottin, in his
Manuel celtique, devotes a whole chapter to the Celtic empire.

Cymry. See the note to p. 174 : 22 of this book. As to
the Nordic characters of these people, see Rice Holmes, 1,
p. 234.

131 : 12. Nordic Gauls and Goidels as users of bronze.
Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 126, 229, and elsewhere.

131 : 15. Haddon, Wanderings of People, p. 49.

131 : 19. S. Feist, Europa im Lichte der Vorgeschichte,
p. 9, etc.

131 : 23. Tacitus, Germania.

131 : 26. Tacitus, Germania, 4: "Personally I associate
myself with the opinion of those who hold that in the peoples
of Germany there has been given to the world a race un-
tainted by intermarriage with other races, a peculiar people
and pure, like no one but themselves; whence it comes that
their physique, in spite of their vast numbers, is identical;
— fierce blue eyes, red hair, tall frames," etc.

See Beddoe, 4, pp. 81-82; Fleure and James, pp. 122, 126,
151-152; and Ripley, passim, for remarks on the increasing
brunetness of Britain and other parts of Europe which were
formerly more blond.

The recent article by Parsons entitled "Anthropological
Observations on German Prisoners of War," contains an in-
teresting reference, on p. 26, to the resurgence of Alpine
types in central Europe.

CHAPTER IV. THE ALPINE RACE

134 : 1. There seem to have been at least three distinct
types of Alpines, one with a broad head and developed occi-
put typical of western Europe, a second with a flat occiput
and a high crown, represented by such peoples as the Arme-
noids of Asia Minor, and a third, of which little notice has
been taken, except by such men as Zaborowski (2) and
Fleure and James, pp. 137 seq. This third type is encoun-
tered here and there in nests which "stretch at least from
southern Italy to Ireland, by way of the Straits of Gibraltar

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 327

and across France by the dolmen line." Fleure and James
may be quoted for the following discussion. "Questions
naturally arise as to the homologies of this type, and its dis-
tribution beyond the line here mentioned. If we had the
type in Britain, by itself, we should be inclined to connect
it with the general population of Central Europe, the dark,
broad-headed Alpine type. We should, however, retain a
little hesitation about this, as our type is sometimes of ex-
traordinary strength of build and, while often fairly short,
it is occasionally outstandingly tall; moreover, the hair is
frequently quite black, and this is not on the whole an
Alpine character. But, when we note the coastal distribu-
tion of this type, our hesitation is much increased, for the
Alpine type has spread typically along the mountain flanks
and its characteristic rarity in Britain is evidence of how
little it has followed the sea.

''We cannot but wonder also whether what Deniker calls
the Atlanto-Mediterranean type is not a result of averaging
these dark broad-heads with the true Mediterranean type.

"Seeking further distributional evidence, we find that the
dark broad-heads are highly characteristic of Dalmatia and
may be an old-established stock, but it would appear that
this region is famous for the height of the heads there, and
our type is not specially high-headed. Broad-head brunets
do, however, occur farther east in Asia Minor, the JEge&n,
and Crete, for example. Many are certainly hypsicephalic,
but in others it seems that the brow and head are moderate
and the forehead rather rectangular, as in our type. . . .

"It is interesting that there should be evidence of our dark
broad-heads beyond the Irish end of the line now discussed,
the line of intercourse which Dechellette thinks must be older
than the Bronze Age. The chief evidences for the type be-
yond Ireland are:

"1. Ripley (p. 309) shows that a dark, broad-headed ele-
ment is present in Shetland, West Caithness, and East
Sutherland. This is sometimes called the Old Black
Breed.

"2. Arbo finds the coast and external openings of the
more southerly Norwegian fjords have a broad-headed pop-

328 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

ulation, whereas the inner ends of the fjords and the interior
are more dolichocephalic. The broad-heads stretch from
Trondhjemsfjord southward, and from their exclusively
coastwise distribution he supposes them to have come across
from the British Isles.

"The population is darker than the rest of Norway and
its area of distribution, as Dr. Stuart Mackintosh has kindly
pointed out to us, is, like that of the same type in the British
Isles, characterized by a pelagic climate."

Von Luschan has fully discussed the Armenoid type in
his Early Inhabitants of Western Asia, and with E. Petersen,
in Reisen in Lykien, Milyas, und Kibyratis. A special study
was made by Chantre in his Recherches anthropologiques dans
I'Asie occidentale.

The first type, then, the western European, has a short,
thick stature, round head, and rather light pigmentation;
the second, Armenoid, a rather tall stature, square, high
head, flat occiput, and dark pigmentation. The third, the
Old Black Breed, is rather small and dark.

In addition to these we have a fourth type, which has been
called the Bronze Age race, or, better, the Beaker Maker
type (Borreby). This has been discussed by Greenwell and
Rolleston, Beddoe, and Keith, especially as to their possible
survivors at the present day; by Abercromby, in Bronze Age
Pottery; by Crawford, The Distribution of Early Bronze Age
Settlements in Britain; and by Peake, in a discussion of the
last work in the same number of the Geographical Journal.
Fleure and James describe it also. See the note to p. 138 : 1
of this book.

Further anthropological studies may simplify the prob-
lem somewhat, but the author is now inclined to believe
that the above-mentioned third brachycephalic type, the
"Old Black Breed," represents the survivors of the earliest
waves of the round-head invasion — in Britain antedating the
arrival of the Neolithic Mediterraneans, while the first type
mentioned above represents the descendants of the last
great Alpine expansion. This type in southern Germany
has been so thoroughly Nordicized in pigmentation that these
blond South Germans are sometimes discussed as though

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 329

they were a distinct Alpine sub-species. The type is scantily
represented in England, and when found may be partly at-
tributed to ecclesiastics and other retainers brought over
by the Normans.

The second of the above types, the Armenoids, are virtually
absent from Europe, and seem to be characteristic of eastern
Anatolia and the immediately adjacent regions.

The author regards the fourth, Borreby or Beaker Maker
type of tall, round heads as distinct from the three pre-
ceding types. The distribution of their remains would in-
dicate they they entered Britain from the northeast. We
have no clew as to their origin. A similar type is found in
the so-called Dinaric race of Deniker (which Fleure and James
mention in connection with the third type but hesitate to
class with it), which extends from the Tyrol along the moun-
tainous east coast of the Adriatic into Albania. Further
study of the Tripolje culture (see note to p. 143 : 15) and the
mixture of population north of the Carpathians, where the
early Nordics and early Alpines came in contact, may throw
light on this question, as well as upon the problem of the
acquisition of Aryan languages by the Alpines.

All these four round-skulled types seem to have been of
West Asiatic origin, but their relationship to each other and
to the true Mongols of central Asia is as yet undetermined.
One thing is certain, that the Alpine Slavs north and east of
the Carpathians, and, to a less degree, the inhabitants of
Hungary and Bulgaria, have in their midst a very consider-
able Mongoloid element, which has entered Europe since the
beginning of our era.

134 : 12 seq. For further characters of the Alpines see
Ripley, pp. 123-128, 416 seq., and p. 139 of this book.

135 : 1. Haddon, Races of Man, pp. 15-16; Deniker,
Races of Man, pp. 325-326.

135 : 14 seq. Zaborowski, Les peuples aryens, p. no.

135 : 17. See the authorities given in Ripley; for the
Wurtemburgers, pp. 233-234; for Bavaria and Austria, p.
228; for Switzerland, pp. 282-286; and for the Tyrolese, p.
102.

135 : 22. Beddoe, 4, chap. VI, is particularly good on the

330 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

physical anthropology of the Swiss, while His and Riitimeyer,
Crania Helvetica, are classic authorities.

135 : 23. The Historical Geography of Europe, by Free-
man; and Beddoe, 4, pp. 75 seq.

135 : 25 seq. Beddoe, 4, p. 81, says: "As Switzerland,
especially its central region, was for ages the great recruiting
ground of mercenary soldiers, it is probable that the tall,
blond, long-headed element would emigrate at a more rapid
rate than the brown, short-headed one. In this way may
also be accounted for the apparent decline in the stature of
the modern Swiss, who certainly do not, as a rule, now justify
the descriptions given of their huge physical development
in earlier days, the days of halberds, morgensterns and two-
handed swords. " These mercenaries were Teutonic, but their
Celtic predecessors were addicted to the same habit as G.
Dottin has shown on p. 257 of his Manuel Celtique: "When
the Celts could not battle on their own account or against
their neighbors, they offered their services for the price of
silver to foreign kings. There is hardly a country that was
not overrun with Celtic mercenaries, nor struggles in which
they had not taken part. As far back as 368 B. C. an army
sent by Denys, the Ancient, to Corinth to aid the Spartiates,
was in part formed of Celtic foot-soldiers."

"Pas d'argent, pas de Suisses," as the old saying has it.

See also Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chap. LV, where are described the Teutonic Varangians in
Constantinople, who became the body-guard of the Greek
Emperor.

136 : 5. Osborn, 1, pp. 458 and 479 seq. See p. 116 of
this book.

136 : 7. G. Elliot Smith, 1, p. 179; Haddon, 3; Peake, 2,
pp. 160-163; Deniker, 2, p. 313; Zaborowski, 1, pp. 172 seq.;
Herve, 1, IV, p. 393, and V, p. 18; and the authorities quoted
in Osborn.

136 : 14. Russian brachycephaly. See Ripley, pp. 358
seq., and the authorities quoted.

136 : 16. See p. 143 : 13 of this book, and notes.

136 : 19-26. Brachycephalic colonies in Scandinavia.
See p. 211 : 6 and notes.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 331

136 : 29. Ripley, p. 472.

137 : 2. See the notes to p. 128 : 13.

137 : 8. See pp. 138 : 1, and 163 : 26 of this book.
137 : 21. See the notes to p. 128 : 16.

137 : 29 seq. Beddoe, 4, pp. 231-232.

138 : 1 seq. Beddoe, 4,pp. 15,17, 231-233; Davis and Thur-
nam; Keane, 1, p. 150; Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 194, 441; Ripley,
pp. 308-309. Holmes suggests that the Beaker Makers may
have come from Denmark. Compare this theory with that
expressed by Fleure and James, pp. 128 seq. and 135; and
by Abercromby, Crawford and Peake as given there. The
Beaker Makers are quite fully discussed on pp. 86-88, 117,
1 28 seq., and 135-137, in the article by Fleure and James. See
also Greenwell, British Barrows, pp. 627-718, and J. P. Har-
rison, On the Survival of Certain Racial Features in the Popu-
lation of the British Isles. Fleure and James describe the
type as follows on p. 136: "With the beakers have long been
associated the broad-headed, strong-browed type, long known
to archaeologists as the Bronze Age race, but better called
the 'Beaker Makers,' or Borreby type, for we now think that
these people reached Britain without a knowledge of bronze.
. . . The general description of them is that they must
have been taller than the Neolithic British, averaging 5
feet 7 inches, rather strongly built, with long forearms and
inclined to roughness of feature. The head was broad
(skull index over 80, often 82 or more) and the supraciliary
arches strong, but very distinctly separated in most cases
by a median depression, and thus strongly contrasted with
the continuous supraciliary ridges of e. g., Neanderthal
man. . . . Keith . . . thinks it [the type] was usually
brown to fair in colouring at all periods, and this seems to
be a very general opinion."

138 : 3. Beddoe, 4, p. 16: "On the whole, however, we
cannot be far wrong in describing the British skulls of the
bronze period as distinctly brachycephalic; and this seems
to have been the case in Scotland as well as in England (see
D. Wilson, Archaeological and Prehistoric Annals, pp. 168-
171). Whencesoever they came, the men of the British
bronze race were richly endowed, physically. They were, as

332 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

a rule, tall and stalwart, their brains were large and their
features, if somewhat harsh and coarse, must have been
manly and even commanding. The chieftain of Gristhorpe,
whose remains are in the Museum of York, must have looked
a true king of men with his athletic frame, his broad forehead,
beetling brows, strong jaws and aquiline profile."

138 : 14. Rice Holmes, 1, p. 425.

138 : 17. Dinaric Race. Deniker, 1, pp. 113-133; also
2> P* 333- For allusions to this and descriptions see Ripley,
pp. 350, 412, 597, 601-602.

138 : 18. Remains of Alpines. Fleure and James, pp.
117, no. 3, and pp. 137-142.

138 : 22. See the notes to p. 122 : 3. Also Jean Bruhnes
in Le Correspondant for September, 191 7, p. 774.

139 : 3. See p. 121 : 16.

139 : 6 seq. Sergi, Africa, p. 65 ; Studer and Bannwarth,
Crania Helvetica Antiqua, pp. 13 seq.; His and Rutimeyer,
Crania Helvetica, p. 41.

139 : 16. See p. 144 of this book.

139 : 22 seq. See p. 130.

140 : 1 seg. See DeLapouge, passim; Ripley, p. 352;
Johannes Ranke, Der Mensch, vol. II, pp. 296 seq.; part II
of Topinard's V anthropologic generate, and the note to p.
131 : 26.

140 : 4 seq. Alpines in the Cantabrian Alps. See Ripley,
p. 272, and Oloriz, Distribucion geogrdfica del Indice cephalica.

140 : 9. Basques and the Basque language. See the notes
to p. 234 : 24 seq.

140 : 15. Aquitanian. See p. 248 : 14. Ligurian. See
the notes to p. 235 : 17.

140 : 17. Round skulls on North African coast. See pp.
127-128.

140 : 22 seq. See the authorities quoted in Ripley, chap.
VH. For the Walloons see Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 323-325, 334;
Deniker, 2, p. 335; D'Arbois de Jubainville, 2, pp. 87-95;
G. Kurth, La frontUre linguistique en Belgique; L. Funel,
Les parlers poptdaires du dipartement des Alpes-Maritimes,
pp. 298-303.

The dialects or patois spoken to-day in France all fall

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 333

under one of these two languages. They can be classified
as follows:

LANGUE D'OC

Patois Spoken in the Departments of

Languedocian Gard, Herault, Pyr6n6es-Orientales, Aude,

Ariege, Haute- Garonne, Lot -et- Ga-
ronne, Tarn, Aveyron, Lot, Tarn-et-
Garonne.

Provencal Drome, Vaucluse, Bouches-du-Rhdne,

Hautes- and Basses-Alpes, Var.

Dauphinois Isere.

Lyonnais Rh6ne, Ain, Sa6ne-et-Loire.

Auvergnat Allier, Loire, Haute- Loire, Ardeche, Lo-

zere, Puy-de-D6me, Cantal.

Limousin Correze, Haute- Vienne, Creuse, Indre,

Cher, Vienne, Dordogne, Charente,
Charente-Inferieure, Indre-et-Loire.

Gascon Gironde, Landes, Hautes- Pyrenees, Bas-
ses-Pyrenees, Gers.

LANGUE D'OIL

Norman Normandie, Bretagne, Perche, Maine,

Anjou, Poitou, Saintonge.

Picard (modern French) . . Picardie, lle-de-France, Artois, Flandre,
Hainault, Basse Maine, Thierache,
Rethelois.

Burgundian Nivernais, Berry, Orl6anais, lower Bour-

bonnais, part of Ile-de-France, Cham-
pagne, Lorraine, Franche-Comte\

140 : 28 seq. For the distribution of the Alpines see Rip-
ley, p. 157.

141 : 6. Austria and the Slavs. See Ripley's authorities
mentioned on pp. 352 seq.

141 : 9. See p. 143 of this book.

141 : 13. See the notes to chap. LX.

141 : 23-142 : 4. Introduction of the Slavs into eastern
Germany. See Jordanes, History of the Goths, V, 34, 35, and
XXIII, 119; Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe, pp.
113 seq.

141 : 25. Wends, Antes and Sclaveni. See the notes to
p. 143 : 13 seq.

142 : 4. Haddon, 3, p. 43.

334 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

142 : 9. Ripley, p. 355 and the authorities quoted. The
word Slave originally signified illustrious or renowned in
Slavic language, but in Europe was a word of disdain for the
backward Slavs. See T. Peisker, The Expansion of the
Slavs, Hist., vol. II, p. 421, n. 2.

142 : 13. See pp. 143-144 of this book.

142 : 23. Russian populations. Ripley, based on Anut-
schin, Taranetzki, Niederle, Zakrewski, Talko-Hyrncewicz,
Olechnowicz, Matiezka, Kharuzin, Retzius, Bonsdorff, etc.
Consult his chap. XIII, especially pp. 343-346 and 352.
Olechnowicz and Talko-Hyrncewicz both remark on the
dolichocephaly and blondness of the upper classes of
Poland.

143 : 1. Keane, 2, pp. 345-346; Beddoe, 1, p. 35; Freeman,
1, pp. 107, 113-116, 155-158-

143 : 3. Avars. See the authorities just given; also
Eginhard, The Life of Charlemagne; Gibbon, Decline and Fall
of the Roman Empire, chaps. XLII, XLV and XL VI.

143 : 4. Hungarians. That the Hungarians as such
were known earlier than this date appears from a passage in
Jordanes, written about 550 A. D. See the History of the
Goths, V, 37, where he says: "Farther away and above the
sea of Pontus are the abodes of the Bulgares, well known from
the disaster our neglect has brought upon us. From this
region, the Huns, like a fruitful root of bravest races, sprouted
into two hordes of people. Some of these are called Alt-
ziagiri, others, Sabiri; and they have different dwelling places.
The Altziagiri are near Cherson, where the avaricious traders
bring in the goods of Asia. In summer they range the
plains, their broad domains, wherever the pasturage for their
cattle invites them, and betake themselves in winter beyond
the sea of Pontus. Now the Hunuguri are known to us
from the fact that they trade in marten skins. But they
have been cowed by their bolder neighbors." Also on the
Hunuguri see Zeuss, p. 712.

143 : 5 seq. The invasion of the Avars and the Magyars.
See Freeman, 1, pp. 107, 113, 115-116; Beddoe, i,p. 35; and
Ripley, p. 432.

*43 ' 13 seq. Haddon, 3, chap. Ill, Europe, especially p.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 335

40; and A. Lefevre, Germains et Slavs, p. 156. Minns, in an
article on the Slavs, says: "Pliny (N. H., IV, 97) is the first
to give the Slavs a name which can leave us in no doubt.
He speaks of the Venedi (cf. Tacitus, Germania, 46, Veneti) ;
Ptolemy (Geog., Ill, 5, 7, 8) calls them Venedae and puts
them along the Vistula and by the Venedic Gulf, by which
he seems to mean the Gulf of Danzig; he also speaks of the
Venedic mountains to the south of the sources of the Vis-
tula, that is, probably the northern Carpathians. The name
Venedae is clearly Wend, the name that the Germans have
always applied to the Slavs. Its meaning is unknown. It
has been the cause of much confusion because of the Armori-
can Veneti, the Paphlagonian Enetae, and above all the
Enetae-Venetae at the head of the Adriatic. . . . Other
names in Ptolemy which almost certainly denote Slavic
tribes are the Veltae on the Baltic. The name Slav first oc-
curs in Pseudo-Caesarius (Dialogues, II, no; Migne, P. G.,
XXXVIII, 985, early 6th century), but the earliest definite
account of them under that name is given by Jordanes
(Getica [History of the Goths], V, 34, 35), about 550 A. D.:
'Within these rivers lies Dacia, encircled by the Alps as by
a crown. Near their left ridge, which inclines toward the
north, and beginning at the source of the Vistula, the pop-
ulous race of the Venethi dwell, occupying a great expanse
of land. Though their names are now dispersed amid vari-
ous clans and places, yet they are chiefly called Sclaveni and
Antes. The abode of the Sclaveni extends from the city of
Noviodunum and the lake called Mursianus, to the Dnaster,
and northward as far as the Vistula. They have swamps
and forests for their cities. The Antes, who are the bravest
of these peoples dwelling in the curve of the sea of Pontus,
spread from the Dnaster to the Dnaper, rivers that are
many days' journey apart.'" See also Zaborowski, 1, pp.
272 seq.

The name Wends, as has been said, was used by the Ger-
mans to designate the Slavs. It is now used for the German-
ized Polaks, and especially for the Lusatian Wends or Sorbs.
It is first found in English used by Alfred. Canon I. Taylor,
in Words and Places, p. 42, says: "The Sclavonians call them-

336 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

selves either Slowjane, 'the intelligible men,' or else Srb
which means 'kinsmen/ while the Germans call them
Wends."

Haddon, 3, p. 47, says: "The Slavs, who belong to the
Alpine race, seem to have had their area of characterization
in Poland and the country between the Carpathians and the
Dnieper; they may be identified with the Venedi."

In the author's opinion these people have, so far as is
known, nothing whatever to do with the tribe of Veneti at
the head of the Adriatic, nor with the Veneti in western
Europe in what is now Brittany. Of the former Ripley, p.
258, says that they have been generally accepted as of II-
lyrian derivation and cites D'Arbois de Jubainville, Von
Duhn, Pigorini, Sergi, Pull6, Moschen and Tedeschi as
authorities.

The Veneti in Italy are tall, broad-headed and some
are blond, having mixed with the Teutons. They possessed
some eastern habits, such as their marriage customs, as set
forth in Herodotus. They were flourishing, wealthy and
peaceful. Later they were driven to what is now Venice.

The Veneti in Gaul were a powerful maritime people, who
carried on a sea trade with Britain. Strangely, perhaps, the
ancient name of northern Wales was Venedotia. The name
Veneto, however, has nothing to do with that of Vandal.
For some theories as to the relationships of some of these
Veneti, see Zaborowski, 3.

143 : 15. Gallicia and the Tripolje Culture. Cf. pp.
113-114. Gallicia is not far from the known location of the
Briinn-Pre'dmost race, which was dolichocephalic with a long
face. This early appearance of a dolichocephalic race at the
point where the dolichocephalic Nordics later came in con-
tact with the Alpines is very significant.

The locality is in the neighborhood of the Tripolje area in
southern Russia, for which see Minns, Scythians and Greeks,
pp. 130-142, and Peake, 2, p. 164.

Minns says: "The first finds of Neolithic settlements in
Russia were made near the village of Tripolje, on the Dnepr,
forty miles below Kiev, and this name has since been extended
to the culture of a large area in southern Russia. The re-

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 337

mains consist of so-called 'areas' with buildings which had
wattled, clay-covered walls which were fired when dry to
give them greater hardness. Pottery is present in great
abundance and variety of forms. These bear painted deco-
rations which are very artistic. There are a few figurines.
The buildings were not dwellings but probably chapels.
The homes were probably pit dwellings. Bodies of the dead
were incinerated and deposited in urns.

"The theory has been abandoned that this was an autoch-
thonous development, typical of the Indo-Europeans [Nor-
dics] before they differentiated (cf. Chvojka, the first dis-
coverer). Although similar to JEgean art this was earlier
(see Von Stern, Prehistoric Greek Culture in the South of
Russia). It came suddenly to an end and had no successor
in that region. The people were agriculturalists long before
the Scythians, but the next people who lived there were thor-
ough nomads. Niederle (Slav. Ant., I) dates them 2000
B. C. The Tripolje people either moved south or were
overwhelmed by new comers." As Peake says, 2, pp. 164-165,
here was a very likely point of contact between the Nordic
and Alpine stocks, a mixture which, in the opinion of the
author, may ultimately throw some light on the origin of
the Dinaric and Beaker Maker types. Through this region
both Alpines and Nordics must have passed many times in
their wanderings. Here perhaps the Alpines became partly
Nordicized, especially as to their language.

143 : 21. Sarmatians. There has been considerable con-
fusion over these people, owing to the various ways in which
the name has been spelled by early and later writers, and to
the fact that they dwelt in the region where both Alpines
and Nordics must have existed side by side. The name Sar-
matians has been applied at one time to Nordics, at another
to Alpines or even Mongolians, depending on the dates when
they were discussed and the bias of various writers. We
have no generic name for the Alpine peoples who must have
been in this region in early times, except that of Sarmatians
or Scythians. As the Scythians are apparently strongly
Nordic in character, the name Sarmatians seemed more fit-
ting to apply to the Alpine tribes who were certainly there.

338 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

Not all authorities are agreed as to their affiliations, however,
as has been said.

Jordanes declares that the Sarmatians and the Sauromatae
were the same people. Stephanus Byzantius states that
the Syrmatae were identical with the Sauromatae. They are
first mentioned by Polybius as being in Europe in 179 B. C.
(XXV, II; XXVI, VI, 12). But in Asia we hear of them as
early as 325 B. C, according to Minns, p. 38, who says that
they gradually shifted westward, until in 50 A. D. they
were in the Danube valley. Jordanes later speaks of the
Carpathian mountains as the Sarmatian range. Mierow,
in the notes to his translation of Jordanes, makes the Sar-
matians a great Slavic people dwelling from the Vistula to
the Don, in what is now Poland and Russia. (See also
Hodgkin, Italy, vol. I, part I, p. 71.) According to Jordanes,
the Sarmatians were beyond Dacia (the ancient Gothic land)
and to the north (XII, 74). It is with these statements in
mind that the author has designated them as Alpines.

Minns describes the Sarmatians as nomads of the Cas-
pian steppes who wore armor like the Hiung-nu. About
325 B. C. there was a decline of the Scyths and they appear.
During the second and third centuries A. D. was the time
when they spread over the vast regions from Hungary to the
Caspian. Minns, however, is firm in the belief that they
were Iranians [Nordics], like the Alans, Ossetes, Jasy, etc.
In the second half of the fourth century B. C. they were still
east of the Don or just crossing; for the next century and a
half we have very scanty knowledge of what was happen-
ing in the steppes. Procopius, III, II, also makes them
Goths. (See the note to p. 66 : 16.) Feist, 5, p. 391, quotes
Tacitus as to their being horse-loving nomads of south
Russia. See also D'Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, and Gib-
bon, chaps. XVIII, XXV, etc., for further discussions.

144 : n seq. See the authorities quot*4 in Ripley, pp.
361-362. The Bashkirs, however, are partly Finn, partly
Tatar as well.

144 : 26-145 : 1. Ripley, pp. 416 seq. and 434.

145 : 3- Ripley, p. 434-

145 : 7. Freeman, 1, pp. 113-115; Haddon, 3, p. 45.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 339

145 : 10. Ripley, p. 421. These are the Volga Finns.
Old Bulgaria, according to Pruner-Bey, 2, t. I, pp. 390-433,
P. F. Kanitz and others, seems to have been between the
Ural mountains and the Volga. The old Bulgarians were a
Finnic tribe (just which is a matter of much dispute). They
crossed the Danube toward the end of the seventh century.
See Freeman, 1, pp. 17, 155.

145 : 11 seq. Ripley, p. 426, based on Bassanovic, p. 30.

145 : 16. Ripley, p. 421.

145 : 19. Of the numerous tribes who, since the Christian
Era, have entered Europe and Anatolia from western Asia
some were undoubtedly pure Mongoloids, like the Huns of
Attila, or the hordes of Genghis Khan. Others were prob-
ably under Mongoloid leaders, and included a large proportion
of West Asiatic Alpines (i. e., Turcomans), while still others
may have been substantially Alpines. The Mongols in their
sweep into Europe would naturally gather up and carry with
them many of the tribes of western Asia, or perhaps more
often would drive the latter ahead of them.

146 : 3 seq. Ripley, p. 139; Taylor, 1, p. 119; Peake, 2,
p. 162.

146 : 8. Ripley, p. 136. These primitive nests occur also
in Norway.

146 : 12. See the note to p. 131 : 26.

146 : 19-147 : 6. See pp. 122 and 138 of this book.

147 : 7 seq. Accad and Sumer. Prince, and Zaborowski
(after de Sarzec) give the earliest date of Accad as about
3800 B. C, but Prince thinks this date too old by 700-1000
years. See also Zaborowski, 1, pp. 118-125. H. R. Hall, in
The Ancient History of the Near East, reviews^the entire work
in this field in his first chapter. According to him, dates in
Babylonia can be traced as far back as those of Egypt,
without coming to a time when there was no writing or metal,
while Egyptian records begin in a Neolithic culture. The
earliest dates so far established are in the fourth millennium
B. C, but already a high degree of civilization had been
reached there or elsewhere by people who brought it to
Babylonia. Hall, p. 176, says: "The most ancient remains
that we find in the city mounds are Sumerian. The site of

340 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

the ancient Shurripak, at Farah in Southern Babylonia, has
lately been excavated. The culture revealed by this excava-
tion is Sumerian, and metal-using, even at the lowest levels.
The Sumerians apparently knew the use of copper at the
beginning of their occupation of Babylonia, and no doubt
brought this knowledge with them." See chap. V of Hall's
book, and the two great works of King, the Chronicles Con-
cerning the Early Babylonian Kings, and The History of Sumer
and Akkad, as well as Rogers's History of Babylonia and As-
syria. In his preface to the first-mentioned of his two works
King states that the new researches are resulting in a tendency
to reduce the dates of these ancient empires very consider-
ably, especially for the dynasties. Thus for Su-abu, the
founder of the first dynasty, a date not earlier than 2100
B. C. is now given, and for Hammurabi one not earlier than
the twentieth century B. C. Accad is by many authors, in-
cluding Breasted, considered to have been Semitic from the
beginning, and to have been established about 2800 B. C.
But Zaborowski claims that it was not originally Semitic, but
Semitized at a very early date. He makes both city-king-
doms originally Turanian [by which he means Alpine and
pre-Aryan] with an agglutinative language related to the
Altaic. See also Zaborowski, 2. He dates the cuneiform in-
scriptions between 3700 and 4000 B. C, after de Sarzec and
de Morgan. Hall draws attention to the remarkable re-
semblance of the Sumerians to the Dravidians, and is in-
clined to believe that they may have come from India.
Both G. Elliot Smith and Breasted claim the Babylonians
derived their culture from Egypt, but the weight of evi-
dence is gradually accumulating against them. See Hall,
chap. V. The relations of the two regions and Egyptian
dates are treated in Reisner's Early Dynastic Cemeteries of
Naga-ed-Der; and Eduard Meyer, Geschichte des Alter turns,
should also be consulted. Against these Egyptologists are
most of the later writers, such as Hall and King and many
others. The location of Babylonia is a fact distinctly in
favor of its earlier beginnings. There is no denying the very
remote origin of Egyptian culture, which in its isolation for
so many centuries had ample time to develop its own peculiar

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 341

features and to become sufficiently strong to later extend a
very wide influence. There is an interesting study of the
fauna of Egypt by Lortet and Gaillard, which proves that
much of it was originally African, not Asiatic, as those who
wish to prove the opposite theory, that Egyptian culture was
derived from the east in very remote times, have endeavored
to establish. There is no doubt that the Egyptians were
sufficiently plastic and adaptable in the earlier centuries of
their development, wherever they may have come from, to
make use of what the continent of Africa contributed in the
way of resources. (See also Gaillard, Les Talonnements des
Egyptiens, etc., and H. H. Johnston, On North African An-
imals.) To claim that the civilization of Sumer was derived
directly from Elam, which in turn obtained its earliest cul-
ture from Egypt, is, in the opinion of the author, to reverse
the truth. Some authorities believe that Elam was the
origin from which came the civilization found by Pumpelly
in Turkestan, and believed by him to have been not earlier
than the end of the third millennium B. C. (For a further
reference to this see the note to p. 119 : 15 of this book, on
Balkh.)

See Hall as to the relationship of the Accadians and Sume-
rians with Elam. Zaborowski says they were all of the same
Alpine stock, that is, the very early Sumerians and Accadians
and Elamites. See 2, p. 411. For Susa, Elam and Media,
see Les peuples Aryens, pp. 125-138, and Hall, chap. V.
For the Persians, Zaborowski, 1, pp. 134 seq. Ripley, pp.
417, 449-450, discusses some of the eastern tribes, among
them the Tadjiks, whom general opinion makes round-
skulled. These, according to Zaborowski, are the living
prototypes of the Susians, Elamites and Medes. Many
writers consider the Medes to have been Nordics and related
to the Persians. The author, however, follows Zaborowski
in classing them as the early brachycephalic population of
Elam or its highlands or plateau, which was conquered by
the Persians. On the Medes and Media see the notes to
P- 254 : 13-

342 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

CHAPTER V. THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE

148 : 1. The Mediterranean Race. Sergi, 4; Ripley; and
Elliot Smith, 1.

148 : 14. Deniker, 2, pp. 408 seq.; Ripley, pp. 450-451.

148 : 15. See the notes to pp. 257-261.

148 : 18. Dravidians. Bishop R. Caldwell, Comparative
Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Lan-
guages; G. A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, vol. IV,
Munda and Dravidian Languages; Friedrich Miiller, Reise der
osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren
1 85 7-1 85 9, etc., pp. 73 seq.; Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft,
vol. Ill, pp. 106 seq. See also Haddon, 3, p. 18.

148 : 22 seq. Deniker, 2, p. 397; Haddon, 1, 3, but Haddon
has pointed out that the Andamanese are not racially of the
same stock as the Sakai, Veddahs, etc.

149 : 6. Haddon, 3, and Sergi, 4, p. 158; Ripley; Fleure
and James; Peake; etc.

149 : 12. Peake, 2, p. 158.

149 : 21. On this point, Ripley, pp. 465 seq., quotes Von
Dueben, Retzius, Arbo, Montelius, Barth, Zograf, Lebon,
Olechnowicz, etc.

150 : 8. See the notes to p. 149.
150 : 12. See the notes to p. 257.

150 : 21. Beddoe, 4, and 3, pp. 384 seq., and Ripley, pp.
326, 328 seq.

150 : 24 seq. See the notes to p. 149.

150 : 29-151 : 3. A. Retzius, 1, 2; G. Retzius, 1, 2; Peake,
2, p. 158. Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, p. 101, says the
Iberian type is not found in northern Europe east of Namur.
In the British Isles, however, it extends to Caithness.

151 : 3 seq. See the notes to p. 149; Ripley, pp. 461-465;
Sergi, 4, p. 252; Osborn, 1, p. 458.

151 : 18. Sir Harry Johnston, passim; G. Elliot Smith, 1,
pp. 18, 30, 31, and chap. V.

151 : 22 seq. G. Elliot Smith, 1, p. 30. For a contrary
opinion see Sergi, 4.

152 : 3. W. L. and P. L. Sclater, The Geography of Mam-

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 343

mals, pp. 177 seq.; Flower and Lydekker, Mammals, Living
and Extinct, pp. 96-97.

152 : 6. Elliot Smith, 1, chap. IV and elsewhere; Sergi,
4, chap. III.

152 : 12. Negroes seem to have been unknown in Egypt
and Nubia in pre-dynastic days and only appear in small
numbers in the third and fourth dynasties, in the South.
The great ruins on the Zambezi at Zimbabwe were probably
the work of the Mediterranean race and are to be dated
about 1000 B. C. In other words, all northeast Africa, in-
cluding Nubia, the northern Sudan, the ancient Kingdom of
Meroe at the junction of the Blue and White Niles, Abys-
sinia and the adjoining coast were originally part of the do-
main of the Mediterranean race.

In the recent kingdom of the Mahdi, the predominant ele-
ment was not Negro but Arab more or less mixed.

152 : 16. Sir Harry Johnston, passim; Ripley, pp. 387,
390; Hall, Ancient History of the Near East.

152 : 27. Sardinia. See Ripley and Von Luschan. A
recent article by V. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, entitled "A Sketch
of the Anthropology of Italy," in the Journal of the Royal
Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, is well
worth consideration. On pp. 91-92 the author gives a
short sketch of the Sardinians and his authorities are to be
found in a footnote on p. 91.

153 : 4. Albanians. See the notes to p. 163 : 19.

153 : 6 seq. Fleure and James, pp. 122 seq., 149; Beddoe,
4, pp. 25-26; Davis and Thurnam, especially p. 212; Boyd
Dawkins, Early Man in Britain.

153 : 10. Scotland. See the notes to pp. 150 : 10 and
204 : 5.

153 : 14 seq. See the notes to p. 229 : 5-12.

153 : 24 seq. The Mediterranean Race in Rome. Mon-
telius, La Civilisation primitive en Italie; Peet, The Stone and
Bronze Ages in Italy; Munro, Palceolithic Man and the Terra-
mar a Settlements ; Modesto v, Introduction d, Vhistoire romain;
Frank, Roman Imperialism. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, in A Sketch
of the Anthropology of Italy, p. 10 1, says of the composition
of the population of Rome: " The three fundamental European

344 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

races, H. mediterraneus, H. alpinus, and H. nordicus, had their
representatives among the ancient Romans, although the
skeletal remains of the Mediterraneans and the Northerners
are difficult to distinguish from each other. It is also pos-
sible that the Northerners belonged to the aristocrats who
preferred to burn their dead. In the calm tenacity and quiet
growth of the Roman people perhaps the descendants of H.
nordicus represented the turbulent restlessness of violent and
bold individuals which, even in Roman history, one is able
to discern from time to time."

In this connection it is interesting to note what Charles
W. Gould has said on p. 117, in America, a Family Matter,
concerning Sulla. He describes him as follows: "Even dur-
ing the terror Sulla found time for enjoyment. Tawny hair,
piercing blue eyes, fair complexion readily suffused with color
as emotion and red blood surged within, Norseman that he
was, he presided over constant and splendid entertainments,
taking more pleasure in a witty actor than in the degenerate
men and women of the old nobility who elbowed their way
in." Also see the notes to p. 215 : 21.

1S4 : 5- Quarrels between the Patricians and the Plebs.
See Tenney Frank, Roman Imperialism, pp. 5 seq., for a dis-
cussion of the mixture of races, "only we cannot agree that
a social state can accomplish race amalgamation. The two
races are still there." Boni, Notizie degli Scavi, vol. Ill, p.
401, believes that the Patricians were the descendants of the
immigrant Aryans, while the Plebeians were the offspring of
the aboriginal Non-Aryan stock. Compare this with the
statements of early writers concerning the conditions in
Gaul, especially as summed up by Dottin in his Manuel
Celtique.

Frank says, concerning the quarrels, in chap. II, op. cit.:
" Roman tradition preserved in the first book of Livy presents
a very circumstantial account of the several battles by which
Rome supposedly razed the Latin cities one after another.
. . . Needless to say, if the Latin tribe had lived in such
civil discord as the legend assumes, it would quickly have
succumbed to the inroads of the mountain tribes." Thus
probably the quarrels between Latin and Etruscan have
been overrated. See again, p. 14, for the oriental origin of

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 345

some intruding people. He says, in a note at the end of
the chapter: "Ridgeway, in Who were the Romans, 1908,
has ably, though not convincingly developed the view that
the Patricians were Sabine conquerors. Cuno, Vorgeschichte
Roms, I, 14, held that they were Etruscans. Fustel de Cou-
langes, in his well-known work, La cite antique, proposed the
view that a religious caste system alone could explain the
division. Eduard Meyer, the article on the Plebs in Hand-
w'drterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, and Botsford, Roman
Assemblies, p. 16, have presented various arguments in favor
of the economic theory. See Binder, Die Plebs, 1909, for a
summary of many other discussions."

Breasted, Ancient Times, pp. 495 seq., and Sir Harry John-
ston, Views and Reviews, p. 97, are two who have touched
upon these questions.

On Etruria see the note to p. 157 : 14.

154 : 11. An allusion to the short stature of the Roman
legions of Caesar in Gaul may be found in Rice Holmes, 2,
p. 81. D'Arbois de Jubainville, Les Celts en Espagne, XIV,
p. 369, says in describing a combat between P. Cornelius
Scipio and a Gallic warrior: "Scipio was of very small stature,
the Celtiberian warrior with the high stature which in all
times in the tales of the Roman historians characterizes the
Celtic race; and the beginning of the struggle gave him the
advantage." Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, p. 76, says:
"The stature of the Celts struck the Romans with astonish-
ment. Caesar speaks of their mirifica corpora and contrasts
the short stature of the Romans with the magnitudo corporum
of the Gauls. Strabo, also, speaking of the Coritavi, a
British tribe in Lincolnshire, after mentioning their yellow
hair, says: 'To show how tall they are, I saw myself some of
their young men at Rome and they were taller by six inches
than anyone else in the city.'" See also Elton, Origins,
p. 240.

154 : 18 seq. Nordic Aristocracy in Rome. Tenney
Frank, Race Mixture in the Roman Empire. But he also
makes Gauls and Germans on the same level as other con-
quered people, as legionaries, etc. See also Giuffrida-Rug-
geri, p. 101.

155:5 seq. G. Elliot Smith, 1; Peet, 2, pp. 164 seq.

346 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

Fleure and James use the terms Neolithic and Mediter-
ranean interchangeably. Recent study is giving a some-
what different interpretation to the significance of the mega-
liths. See the article by H. J. Fleure and L. Winstanley
in the 191 8 Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of
Great Britain and Ireland. On the megaliths see also the
note to p. 129 : 2 seq.

155 : 22 seq. See the notes to p. 233 seq.

155 : 27-156 : 4. See the notes to p. 192.

156 : 4. See the notes to p. 244 : 6.
156 : 8. Sergi, 4, p. 70.

156 : 10. Gauls. D'Arbois de Jubainville, 1, XIV, p.
364, says: "Hannibal left Spain for Italy in 218, but he left
there a Carthaginian army in the ranks of which marched
auxiliaries furnished by the Celtic peoples of Spain; Roman
troops came to combat this army and four years after the
departure of Hannibal, (i. e. in 214), they gave many battles
to the Carthaginian generals where the Celts were van-
quished. In the booty there were found abundant Gallic
trappings, especially a great number of collars and bracelets
of gold; among the dead of the Carthaginian army left upon
the plain were two petty Gallic kings, Moencapitus and Vis-
marus. Livy, who tells us these things, says distinctly that
the trappings were Gallic (Gallica) and that the kings were
Gallic. See Livy, I, XXIV, c. 42."

156 : 13. See the note to p. 192.

156 : 16. Feist, 5, p. 365, is one of the authors who notes
the fact that classic writers spoke of light and dark types in
Spain.

156 : 18. This of course means racial evidence. See
Mommsen, History of the Roman Provinces, I, chap. II, and
Burke, History of Spain, p. 2.

156 : 25-157 : 3. On the history of the Albigenses the
most important authority is C. Schmidt, Histoire de la secte
des Cathares on Albigeois, Paris, 1849. The Albigenses were
deeply indebted to the Arabic culture of Saracenic Spain,
which was the medium through which much of the ancient
Greek science and learning was preserved to modern times.

157 : 4. Ripley, pp. 260 seq. For an exhaustive resume

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 347

of the subject see Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 277-287. Also con-
sult the notes to p. 235 : 17 of this book.

157 : 6. See p. 122 for the predominance of the Mediter-
raneans.

157 : 10. Umbrians and Oscans. It is fair to assume that
some people brought the Aryan languages into Italy from the
north, and this introduction is credited to the Umbrians and
Oscans. (See Helbig, Die Italiker in der Poebene, pp. 29-41 ;
Ridgeway,£ar/y^4ge of Greece; Conway, Early Italic Dialects.)
The Umbrians and Oscans were closely allied in regard to
their language, whatever may have been their ethnic affini-
ties. In a remoter degree they were connected with the
Latins. From the time and starting-point of their migra-
tions, as well as from their type of culture, it would appear
that they were cognate with the early Nordic invaders of
Greece. Whether they were wholly Nordic, or were thor-
oughly Nordicized Alpines, or merely Alpines with Nordic
leaders is not of particular moment in this connection, but
if they were the carriers of Aryan language and culture they
were Nordicized in a degree comparable to the genuine Nor-
dics who invaded Greece. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, in one of the
latest papers on Italy, as well as many earlier authorities,
regards the Umbrians as Alpines, but he says they were not
all round-skulled. "The Osci, the Sabines, the Samnites,
and other Sabellic peoples were Aryans or Aryanized, al-
though they inhumated their dead instead of burning them.
It is possible that the founders of Rome consisted of both
families, as we find both rites in ancient Rome" (p. 100).

157 : 14. Etruscans. The author is familiar with the
persistent theory that the Etruscans came from Asia Minor
by sea, but he nevertheless regards them as indigenous in-
habitants of Italy, that is, the Pre-Aryan, Pre-Nordic Medi-
terraneans, who, as part of a large and extended group, were
spread over a great part of the shores of the Mediterranean,
and were at that time the Italian exponents of the prevailing
yEgean culture. During the second millennium in which this
culture flourished, they were much influenced by Crete, al-
though they developed their civilization along special lines.
The Etruscan language, excluding the borrowed elements

348 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

from later Italic dialects, is apparently in no sense Aryan.
Cf. Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, pp. 53-54.

157 : 16. The date 800 is given by Feist, 5, p. 370.

157 : 18. Livy, V, 33 seq., is the authority for the date of
the sixth century. See also Polybius, 1, II, c. XVII, § 1.
Myers, Ancient History, makes the settlement of the Gauls
in Italy about the fifth century B. C. Most authorities fol-
low Livy.

157 : 21. To show how approximate the authorities are
on this date, Rice Holmes, 2, p. 1, and Myers, Ancient His-
tory, make it 390, while Breasted gives 382.

157 : 23. Livy, V, 35-49, treats of the taking of Rome by
the Gauls. The name Brennus means raven; it is from the
Celtic bran, raven, crow.

157 : 26. There is a considerable Frankish element there
also, among the aristocracy.

158 : 1 seq. An interesting discussion of this event is
given by Salomon Reinach, 2. The invasion was resisted
first at Thermopylae and later at Delphi. On p. 81 Reinach
says: "In the detailed recital which Pausanius has left us
of the invasion of the Galatic bands in Greece, dealing with
the glorious part which the Athenians played in the de-
fence of the Pass of Thermopylae. But, when the defile had
been forced, the Athenians departed and Pausanius makes
no more mention of them in relating the defence of Delphi,
where only the Phocians, four hundred Locrians and two
hundred ^Etolians figured. It is only after the defeat of the
Gauls that the Athenians, according to Pausanius, came back,
together with the Boeotians, to harass the barbarians in
their retreat. . . ." On p. 83 he says: "The barbarians are
incontestably the Galatians." See also by the same author,
The Gauls in Antique Art. G. Dottin, pp. 461-462 gives us the
following: "Hannibal, traversing southern Gaul, found on
liis passage only Gauls. On the other hand, Livy mentions
the arrival of Gauls in Provence at the same time as their
first descent into Italy, and Justinius places the wars of the
Greeks of Marseilles against the Gauls and Ligurians before
the taking of Rome by the Gauls. The invasion of the
Belgae is placed then in the third century. It is doubtless

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 349

contemporaneous with the Celtic invasion of Greece which
was perhaps caused by it." See also the notes to p. 174 : 21
of this book. According to Myers, Ancient History, where
the account of these events is briefly given on pp. 269-270,
the year was 278 B. C. Breasted, 1, p. 449, gives 280 B. C.

As late as the fourth century of our era, Celtic forms of
speech prevailed among the Galatians of Asia Minor. Ac-
cording to Jerome (Fraser's Golden Bough, II, p. 126, foot-
note), the language spoken then in Anatolia was very sim-
ilar to the dialect of the Treveri, a Celtic tribe on the Moselle,
of whose name Treves is the perpetuator. "It was to these
people that St. Paul addressed one of his epistles."

It is interesting to note that at the present time the finest
soldiers of the Turkish army are recruited in the district of
Angora which includes the territory of ancient Galatia.

158 : 13. Procopius, IV, 13, says that a number of Moors
and their wives took refuge in Sicily and also in Sardinia
where they established colonies. The recent article by
Giuffrida-Ruggeri sums up the data for Sicily, Sardinia and
Corsica. See also Gibbon, passim, and Ripley, pp. 115-116.

158 : 16. G. Elliot Smith, 1, pp. 94 seq., and the notes to
pp. 127 : 26 and 128.

158 : 21. Pelasgians. Sergi, 4, followed by many an-
thropologists, describes as Pelasgian one branch of the Medi-
terranean or Eurafrican race of mankind and one group of
skull types within that race. Ripley, pp. 407, 448, considers
them Mediterraneans in all probability, as this is the oldest
layer of population in these regions. So also do Myres,
Dawn of History, p. 171, and most of the other authorities.
In his History of the Pelasgian Theory, Myres sums up all
that was written up to that time. Homer and other early
writers make them the ancient inhabitants of Greece, who
were subdued by the Hellenes. It is generally agreed that
a people resembling in its prevailing skull forms the Mediter-
ranean race of north Africa was settled in the ^Egean area
from a remote Neolithic antiquity. D'Arbois de Jubain-
ville, 4, t. I, devotes a chapter or more to them, and declares
on p. no: "In fact the Pelasgians and the Hellenes are of
different origin; the first are one of the races which preceded

350 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

the Indo-Europeans in Europe, the others are Indo-Euro-
pean."

Another recent writer who deals with this puzzling prob-
lem is Sartiaux, in his Troie, pp. 140-143. Finally, Sir Wil-
liam Ridgeway says: "The Achaeans found the land occupied
by a people known by the ancients as Pelasgians who contin-
ued down to classical times the main element in the popula-
tion, even in the states under Achaean, and later, under Dorian
rule. In some cases the Pelasgians formed a serf class, e. g.
in Penestas, in Thessaly, the Helots in Laconia and the Gym-
nesii at Argos; whilst they practically composed the whole
population of Arcadia and Attica which never came under
either Achaean or Dorian rule. This people had dwelt in the
vEgean from the Stone Age, and though still in the Bronze
Age at the Achaean conquest, had made great advances in
the useful and ornamental arts. They were of short stature,
with dark hair and eyes, and generally dolichocephalic.
Their chief centers were at Cnossus, Crete, in Argolis, La-
conia and Attica, in each being ruled by ancient lines of
kings. In Argolis, Prcetus built Tiryns but later under
Perseus, Mycenae took the lead until the Achaean conquest.
All the ancient dynasties traced their descent from Poseidon,
who at the time of the Achaean conquest was the chief male
divinity of Greece and the islands."

As to the Pelasgian being a Non- Aryan tongue, the ancient
script at Crete has not yet been deciphered. Since the an-
cient Cretans were presumably Pelasgians, it is safe to iden-
tify them with this Non-Aryan language, although Conway,
2, pp. 141-142, is inclined to believe that it is related to the
Aryan family. See also Sweet, The History of Language, p.
103.

158 : 22. Nordic Achaeans. Ridgeway, 1, p. 683, says:
"We found that a fair-haired race greater in stature than the
melanochrous ^Egean people had there [in Greece and the
yEgean] been domiciled for long ages, and that fresh bodies
of tall, fair-haired people from the shores of the northern
ocean continually through the ages had kept pressing down
into the southern peninsulas. From this it followed that the
Achaeans of Homer were one of these bodies of Celts [i. e.,

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 351

Nordics], who had made their way down into Greece and
had become the masters of the indigenous race.

"This conclusion we further tested by an examination of
the distribution of the round shield, the practise of cremation,
the use of the brooch and buckle, and finally the diffusion of
iron in Europe, North Africa and western Asia. Our induc-
tions showed that all four had made their way into Greece
and the JEgean from Central Europe. Accordingly as they
all appeared in Greece along with the Homeric Achseans, we
inferred that the latter had brought them with them from
central Europe." Elsewhere, in the same book, Ridgeway
identifies the Homeric age with the Achaean and Post-
Mycenaean, the Mycenaean with the Pre-Achaean and Pelas-
gian.

Bury, The History of Greece, p. 44, says: "The Achseans
were a people of blond complexion, of Indo-European speech.
Among the later Greeks, there were two marked types, dis-
tinguished by light and dark hair. The blond complexion
was rarer and more prized. This is illustrated by the fact
that women and fops used sometimes to dye their hair yellow
or red, the KOfir)? ^avdur/xara mentioned in the Danae of Eu-
ripedes."

159 : 4-5. Date of the siege of Troy. Hall, Ancient His-
tory of the Near East, p. 69, and many other authorities ac-
cept the Parian Chronicle, which makes it 1194-1184 B. C.
For the whole question of the Trojan War see Felix Sartiaux,
Troie, La Guerre de Troie.

159 : 6 seq. See the notes to p. 225 : XX.

159 : 10 seq. Bury, History of Greece, p. 44; DeLapouge,
Les selections sociales. Beddoe noted in his Anthropological
History of Europe that almost all of Homer's heroes were
blond or chestnut-haired as well as large and tall. There are
many passages in the Iliad which refer to the blondness and
size of the more important personages.

159 : 19 seq. Bury, History of Greece, pp. 57, 59, describes
the Greek tribes which moved down before the Dorians, con-
quering the Achaeans — the Thessalians, Boeotians, etc. But
see Peake, 2, for Thessalians. Also D'Arbois de Jubainville,
4, t. II, p. 297, and Myers, Anc. Hist., pp. 127, 136 seq.

352 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

159 : 23. Dorians. See the authorities quoted above;
also Ridgeway, Von Luschan, Deniker, 2, pp. 320-321, and
Hawes.

160 : 1. C. H. Hawes, p. 258 of the Annal of the British
School at Athens, vol. XVI, "Some Dorian Descendants,"
says the Dorians were Alpines, and this view is shared by
many others, among them Von Luschan. See also Myres,
The Dawn of History, pp. 173 seg. and 213. While this may
be partially true even of the bulk of the population, all the
tribes to the north of the Mediterranean fringe carried a
large Nordic element, which practically always assumed the
leadership.

160 : 17. For the character of the Dorians, see Bury,
p. 62.

161 : 20. The philosopher Xenophanes, a contemporary
of both Philip and his son, in discussing man's notion of
God, insists that each race represents the Great Supreme un-
der its own shape : the Negro with a flat nose and black face,
the Thracian with blue eyes and a ruddy complexion.

161 : 27. Loss of Nordic blood among the Persians. See
the note to p. 254 : n.

162 : 8. Barbarous Macedonia. Bury, The History of
Greece, pp. 681-731.

162 : 14. Alexander the Great. Descriptions of Alex-
ander are found in Plutarch, who quotes the memoirs of
Aristoxenus, a contemporary of Alexander, regarding the
agreeable odor exhaled from his skin; Plutarch also says,
without giving his authority, who was probably the same,
that Alexander was "fair and of a light color, passing to
ruddiness in his face and upon his breast." An authority
for the statement of blue and black eyes is Quintus Curtius
Rufus, a Roman historian of the first century A. D., in His-
toriarum Alexandri Magni, Libri Decern. This was written
three and one-half centuries after the death of Alexander.
The quotation, from North's translation of Plutarch, reads:
"But when Appeles painted Alexander holding lightning in
his hand he did not shew his fresh color, but made him some-
what blacke and swarter than his face in deede was; for
naturally he had a very fayre white colour, mingled also

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 353

with red which chiefly appeared in his face and in his
brest."

In Galton's Inquiries into the Human Faculty, original Eng-
lish edition, frontispiece, is a composite photograph of Alex-
ander the Great from six different medals selected by the
curator in the British Museum. The curly hair and Greek
profile are significant features. The sarcophagus of Alex-
ander in the Constantinople Museum called the Sidonian,
throws some light on this point, although there is some uncer-
tainty among archaeologists as to whether or not it is Alex-
ander's sarcophagus.

162 : 19. See Von Luschan, The Early Inhabitants of
Western Asia, the section on Greece.

163 : 7. Grceculus, -a, -um. According to the Latin dic-
tionaries, the diminutive adjective, understood mostly in a
depreciating, contemptuous sense — a paltry Greek.

163 : 10. Physical types in early Greece. Ripley, pp.
407-408, quotes Nicolucci, Zaborowski, Virchow, DeLapouge
and Sergi. Cf. Peake, 2, pp. 158-159, also Ripley, p. 411.

163 : 14. Physical types of modern Greeks. See the au-
thorities given on p. 409 of Ripley's book, and Von Luschan,
pp. 221 seq. Von Luschan and most other observers say that
the modern Greeks, at least in Asia Minor, are a very mixed
people. See his curve for head form.

163 : 16. Von Luschan, p. 239: "As in ancient Greece a
great number of individuals seem to have been fair, with
blue eyes, I took great care to state whether this were the
case with the modern 'Greeks' in Asia. I have notes for
580 adults, males and females. In this number there were
8 with blue and 29 with gray or greenish eyes; all the rest
had brown eyes. There was not one case of really light-
colored hair, but in nearly all the cases of lighter eyes the
hair also was less dark than with the other Greeks." See
Ripley for European Greeks.

163 : 19. Albanians. Deniker, 2, pp. 333-334; Von Lu-
schan, p. 224; Ripley, p. 410. Most Albanians are tall and
dark. C. H. Hawes, Some Dorian Descendants, p. 258 seq.,
says that the percentage of light eyes over light hair is nearly
ten times as great, i. e., there is 3 per cent of light hair to

354 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

30-38 per cent light eyes among Albanians and selected
Greeks and Cretans. Also Gliick, Zur Physischen Anthro-
pologic der Albanesen, pp. 375-376, and the note to p. 25 : 25
of this book. Hall gives some interesting data on p. 522 of
his Ancient History of the Near East.

163 : 26. See the note to p. 138 : 1 seq.

164 : 4 seq. Dinaric type identified with the Spartans.
See C. H. Hawes, op. cit., pp. 250 seq., where he discusses the
Spartans and the Dinaric type, and Hall, Ancient History of
the Near East, pp. 74 and 572.

164 : 12. On p. 57 of his History of Greece Bury inclines
to the belief that the Dorians came through Epirus, and at-
tributes the cause of their invasion to the pressure of the
Illyrians, to whom the Dorians were probably related. It is
known that the Illyrians were round-headed. Finally they
left the regions of the Corinthian Gulf, and sailed around the
Peloponnesus to southeast Greece, where they settled, leaving
only a few Dorians behind, who gave their name to the
country they occupied, but ever afterward were of no con-
sequence in Greek history. Some bands went to Crete,
others on other islands and some to Asia Minor.

164 : 15. Character of the Spartans. See Bury, History
of Greece, pp. 62, 120, 130-135.

164 : 22. See p. 153 of this book.

165 : 6 seq. Cf. the note to p. 119 : 1 and that to p. 223 : 1.
165 : 10. G. Elliot Smith, Ancient Mariners.

165 : 14. See the note to p. 242 : 5 on languages.

166 : 3. Gibbon, chap. XLVIII.

CHAPTER VI. THE NORDIC RACE

167 : 1 seq. Cf. Peake, 2, p. 162, and numerous other
authorities. Peake's summary is brief, clear and up to date.

167 : 13 seq. R. G. Latham was the first to propound the
theory of the European origin of the Indo-Europeans. He
says that there is "a tacit assumption that as the east is the
probable quarter in which either the human species or the
greater part of our civilization originated, everything came
from it. But surely in this there is a confusion between the

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 355

primary diffusion of mankind over the world at large and
those secondary movements by which, according to even
the ordinary hypothesis, the Lithuanians, etc., came from
Asia into Europe."

167 : 17. See The So-Called North European Race of Man-
kind, by G. Retzius. Linnaeus and DeLapouge were the
first to use this term, homo Europceus. See Ripley, pp. 103
and 121.

168 : 13. See the notes to pp. 31 : 16 and 224 : 19.

168 : 19 seq. Ripley, chap. IX, p. 205, based on Arbo,
Hultkranz and others. G. Retzius, in the article mentioned
above, pp. 303-306, and also Crania Suecica; L. Wilser; K.
Penka; O. Schrader, 2 and 3; Feist, 5; Mathaeus Much; Hirt,
1; and Peake, 2, pp. 162-163, are other authorities. There
are many more.

169 : 1 seq. G. Retzius, 3, p. 303. See also 1, for the
racial homogeneity of Sweden.

169 : 9. Osborn, 1, pp. 457-458, and authorities given.
169 : 14. Gerard de Geer, A Geochronology of the Last
12,000 Years.

169 : 20 seq. See the note to p. 117 : 18.

170 : 3 seq. Cuno, Forschungen im Gebiete der alien V biker-
kunde; Posche, Der Arier.

170 : 10 seq. Peake, 2; Woodruff, 1, 2; and Myres, 1, p.
15. See also the notes to pp. 168 : 19 and Chap. LX of this
book.

170 : 21. See the notes to pp. 213 seq.

170 : 29-171 : 12. See Osborn's map, 1, p. 189.

171 : 12. Cf. Ellsworth Huntington, The Pulse of Asia.

171 : 25. Peake, 2, and Montelius, Sweden in Heathen
Times, and most of the authors already given on the subject
of the Nordics.

172 : 1-25. Ripley, pp. 346-348, and pp. 352 seq., together
with the authorities quoted. Also Feist, 5, and Zaborowski,
1, pp. 274-278. Marco Polo, about 1298, in chap. XLVI, of
his travels, says that the Russian men were extremely well
favored, tall and with fair complexions. The women were
also fair and of a good size, with light hair which they were
accustomed to wear long.

356 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

173 : 9. See Bury, History of Greece, pp. 111-112, and the
notes to Chap. XIV of this book.

173 : 11. Saka or Sacae. See the notes to p. 259 : 21.

173 : 11. Cimmerians. For an interesting summary see
Zaborowski, 1, pp. 137-138. For a lengthy discussion of them
and of their migrations, and of their possible affiliations with
the Cimbri, see Ridgeway, 1, pp. 387-397. According to the
best Assyriologists the Cimmerians are the same people who,
known as the Gimiri or Gimirrai, according to cuneiform in-
scriptions, were in Armenia in the eighth century B. C.
See Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, p. 495. Bury,
History of Greece, also touches on their raids in Asia Minor.
Minns, p. 115, believes them to have been Scythians. G.
Dottin, p. 23 and elsewhere, speaking of the Cimmerians and
Cimbri, says: "The latter are without doubt Germans, there-
fore the Cimmerians who are the same people are not an-
cestors of the Celts." The Cimmerians were first spoken
of by Homer (Odyssey, XI, 12-19) who describes them as
living in perpetual darkness in the far North. Herodotus
(IV, n-13) in his account of Scythia, regards them as the
early inhabitants of south Russia, after whom the Bosphorus
Cimmerius and other places were named, and who were
driven by the Scyths along the Caucasus into Asia Minor,
where they maintained themselves for a century. The
Cimmerii are often mentioned in connection with the Thra-
cian Treres who made their raids across the Hellespont,
and possibly some of them took this route, having been cut
off by the Scyths as the Alani were by the Huns. Certain
it is that in the middle of the seventh century B. C, Asia
Minor was ravaged by northern nomads (Herodotus, IV, 12),
one body of whom is called in Assyrian sources Gimirrai
and is represented as coming through the Caucasus. They
were Aryan-speaking, to judge by the few proper names pre-
served. To the north of the Euxine their main body was
merged finally with the Scyths. Later writers have often
confused them with the Cimbri of Jutland. There is no re-
lation between the Cimbri and the Cymbry or Cymry, a
word derived from the Welsh Combrox and used by them to
denote their own people. See the note to p. 174 : 26.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 357

173 : 14. Medes. See the notes to p. 254 : 13.

173 : 14. Achaeans and Phrygians. See Peake, 2, who
dates them at 2000 B. C. Bury says, pp. 5 and 44 seq.:
"after the middle of the second millennium B. C, but there
were previous and long-forgotten invasions." Consult also
Ridgeway, x, and the notes to pp. 158-161 and 225 : 11 of
this book.

173 : 16. See the note to p. 157 : 10.

173 : 18. The Nordics cross the Rhine into Gaul. Rice
Holmes, 2, pp. 11-12, gives the seventh century B. C. as the
date when tall fair Celts first crossed the Rhine west-
ward, "but it is unlikely that they were homogeneous. . . .
Physically they resembled the tall fair Germans whom Caesar
and Tacitus describe, but they differed from them in char-
acter and customs as well as in speech." See also p. 336, at
the bottom, where he remarks: "Early in the Hallstatt period
a tall dolichocephalic race appeared in the Jura and the Doubs,
who may have been the advanced guard of the Celts." 1000
B. C. for the appearance of the Celts on the Rhine is a very
moderate estimate of the date at which these Nordics ap-
pear in western Europe, as that would be nearly four cen-
turies after the appearance of the Achaeans in Greece and
fully two centuries after the appearance of Nordics who spoke
Aryan in Italy. The Hallstatt culture (see p. 1 29) with which
the invasion of these Nordics is generally associated had
been in full development for four or five centuries before the
date here given for the crossing of the Rhine. 700 B. C,
given by many authorities, seems to the author too late by
several centuries.

173 : 18 seq. G. Dottin, Manuel Celtique, pp. 453 seq.,
says: "If the Celts originated in Gaul, it is likely that their
language would have left in our nomenclature more traces
than we find, and above all, that the Celtic denominations
would be applied as well to mountains and water courses as
to inhabited places. . . . According to D'Arbois de Jubain-
ville, these names were Ligurian. Thus the Celts would have
named only fortresses, and the names properly geographic
would be due to the populations which preceded them. . . .
These constituted for the most part the plebs, reduced almost

358 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

to the state of slavery, which the Celtic aristocracy of Druids
and Equites dominated. ... On the other hand, if one
derives the Celts from central Europe, one explains better
both the presence in central Europe of numerous place names,
proving the establishment of dwellings of the Celts, and their
invasions into southeastern Europe, more difficult to con-
ceive if they had had to traverse the German forests. The
migration of a people to a more fertile country is natural
enough; the departure of the Celts from a fertile country like
Gaul to a less fertile country like Germany would be very
unlikely." And it must be remembered that Tacitus won-
dered why anyone should want to live in Germany, with its
disagreeable climate, trackless forests and endless swamps.

Dottin adds the interesting bit of information, on p. 197,
that the Gauls, mixed with the Illyrians (Alpines) were the
farmers of old Gaul. The real Gauls were warriors and
hunters.

173 : 22. Teutons. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 546 seq.

173 : 26 seq. Deniker, 2, p. 321; Oman, England Before
the Norman Conquest, pp. 13 seq. For Celts and Teutons
consult also G. de Mortillet, La formation de la nation fran-
caise, pp. 114 seq.

174 : 1. Goidels. Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 229, 409-410, and
2, pp. 319-320, says not earlier than the sixth or seventh
centuries B. C, but Montelius and others give 800. G. Dot-
tin, pp. 457-460, and D'Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, pp.
342-343, contend that there is no historical record of it. The
date depends upon whether the word /cacro-iTepos, which des-
ignates "tin" in the Iliad, is a Celtic word. See also Oman,
2, pp. 13-14, and Rhys and Jones, The Welsh People, pp. 1, 2.

174 : 7. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 308 seq. and 325 seq.; Dot-
tin, pp. 1 and 2, and his Conclusion. Also numerous other
writers, especially D'Arbois de Jubainville, in various vol-
umes of the Revue Celtique.

174 : 10. Nordicized Alpines. Dottin, p. 237: "Caesar
tells us that the Plebs of Gaul was in a state bordering on
slavery. It did not dare by itself to do anything and was
never consulted." Cf. note to p. 173 : 20.

174 : 11. Gauls in the Crimea. Ridgeway, Early Age of

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 359

Greece, p. 387, quotes Strabo (309 and 507) and the long Pro-
togenes inscription from Olbia {Corp. Inscr. Grcec, II, no.
2058).

174 : 15. Migration of Nordics from Germany. It oc-
curred about the eighth century B. C, according to many
authors, among them G. Dottin, pp. 241, 457-458. "Caesar,
Livy, Justinius, summing up Pompeius Trogus, Appian and
Plutarch, without doubt following a common source, even
think that excess population is the cause of the Gallic migra-
tions. It is one of the reasons to which Caesar attributes the
emigration of the Helvetii. Cisalpine Gaul nourished an
immense population."

174 : 21. Cymry move westward. See Rice Holmes, 2,
pp. 319-321; Oman, 2, pp. 13 seq. and especially p. 16;
Deniker, 2, pp. 320-322 ; Dottin, pp. 460 seq. Both Rhys and
Jones, in the Welsh People, and G. Dottin, suggest that this
movement was only part of one great migration which dis-
persed the Nordics from a central home. Their appearance
in Greece as Galatians at about the same time may be ascribed
to this migration. See the notes to p. 158 : 1 seq.

Oman and many other authorities think the movement
occurred some time before 325 B. C.

174 : 21 seq. Cymry and Belgae. The Cymry or Belgae
were "P Celtic" in speech. They first appeared in history
about 300 B. C, equipped with a culture of the second iron
period called La Tene. The classic authors were apparently
uncertain as to whether or not they were Germans (or Teu-
tons), but they appear to have been largely composed of this
element, and to have arrived previously from Scandinavia
and to have adopted the Celtic tongue. These Belgae drove
out the earlier "Q Celts" or Goidels, and the pressure they
exerted caused many of the later migrations of the Goidels
or Gauls.

The groups of tribes which in Caesar's time occupied the
part of France to the north and east of the Seine were known
as Belgae, while the same people who had crossed to the north
of the channel were called Brythons. To avoid designating
these groups separately the author has called all these tribes
Cymry, although the term can properly be applied only to

360 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

the "P Celts" of Wales, who adopted this designation for
themselves about the sixth century A. D., according to Rhys
and Jones, p. 26, where we read: "The singular is Cymro,
the plural Cymry. The word Cymro, is derived from the
earlier Cumbrox or Combrox, which is parallel to the Gaulish
Allobrox (plural Allobroges) a name applied by the Gauls to
certain Ligurians whose country they conquered. ... As
the word is to be traced to Cumbra-land (Cumberland), its
use must have extended to the Brythons" (see Rice Holmes,
2, p. 15, where he says the Brythons spread the La Tene
culture). "But as the name Cymry seems to have been un-
known, not only in Brittany, but also in Cornwall, it may be
conjectured that it cannot have acquired anything like na-
tional significance for any length of time before the battle
of Deorham in the year 577, when the West Saxons perma-
nently severed the Celts west of the Severn from their kins-
men (of Gloucester, Somerset, etc., as now known).

"Thus it is probable that the national significance of the
term Cymro may date from the sixth century and is to be
regarded as the exponent of the amalgamation of the Goidelic
and Brythonic populations under high pressure from without
by the Saxons and Angles." Therefore it is a purely Welsh
term, properly speaking. Broca, in the Memoires d'anthro-
pologie, I, 871, p. 395, is responsible for the word as applied
to the invaders of Gaul who spoke Celtic. He called them
Kimris. See also his remarks in the Bulletin de la societi
d? Anthropologic, XI, 1861, pp. 308-309, and the article by L.
Wilser in U Anthropologic, XIV, 1903, pp. 496-497.

175 : 12 seq. See the notes to p. 32 : 8; also Rice Holmes,
2> P- 3375 Fleure and James, pp. 118 seq. Taylor, 1, p. 109,
says that there is a superficial resemblance between the Teu-
tons and Celts, but a radical difference in skulls, the Teu-
tonic being more dolichocephalic. Both are tall, large-
limbed and fair. The Teuton is distinguished by a pink
and white skin, the Celt is more florid and inclined to freckle.
The Teuton eye is blue, that of the Celt gray, green, or gray-
ish blue.

175 : 21 seq. Rice Holmes, 2, p. 326 seq., gives a summary
of the descriptions of various classic authors. Salomon

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 361

Reinach, 2, pp. 80 seq., discusses Pausanias' detailed recital
of the event. For the original see Pausanias, X, 22. Cf.
also the note to p. 158 : 1.

176 : 15-177 : 27. The series of notes which were col-
lected by the author on the wanderings of these Germanic
tribes proved so lengthy, and the relationships of the peoples
under discussion so intricate, that they grew beyond all
reasonable proportions as notes, and carried the subject far
afield. Hence it has seemed best to omit them in this con-
nection and to embody them in another work.

Perhaps it will therefore be sufficient to say here that the
results of the research have made it clear that all of these
tribes were related by blood and by language, and came
originally from Scandinavia and the neighborhood of the
Baltic Sea. For some unknown reason, such as pressure of
population, they began, one after another, a southward
movement in the centuries immediately before the Christian
Era, which brought them within the knowledge of the Medi-
terranean world. Their wanderings were very extensive
and covered Europe from southern Russia and the Crimea
to Spain, and even to Africa. Many of these tribes broke
up into smaller groups under distinct names, or united with
others to form large confederacies. Not only did some of
them clash with each other almost to the point of extermina-
tion in their efforts to obtain lands, but in attempting to
avoid the Huns came into contact with the Romans, and
broke through the frontier of the Empire at various points.
From the Romans they gained many of the ideas which were
later incorporated by them in the various European nations
which they founded. The result of their conquests was to
establish a Nordic nobility and upper class in practically
every country of Europe, — a condition which has remained
to the present day.

177 : 12. Varangians. See the note on the Varangians,
to p. 189 : 24.

177 : 18. See Jordanes, History of the Goths.

177 : 27. D'Arbois de Jubainville, 2, pp. 92-93; Taylor,
Words and Places, p. 45; and G. Dottin, Manuel Celtique, p.
28. This word came from Volcce, the name of a Celtic tribe

362 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

of the upper Rhine. Their name, to the neighboring Teu-
tons, came to designate a foreigner. The Volcae were sepa-
rated into two branches, the Arecomici, established between
the Rhone and the Garonne, and the Tectosages, in the region
of the upper Garonne. The term Volcae has become among
the Germans Walah, then Walch, from which is derived
Welsch, which designates the people of Romance language,
such as the Italians and French. Among the Anglo-Saxons
it has become Wealh, from which the derivation Welsh, which
designates the Gauls, and nowadays their former compa-
triots who migrated to England and settled in Wales.

CHAPTER VII. TEUTONIC EUROPE

179 : 10. Mikklegard. "The Great City." This was
the name given to Byzantium by the Goths.

180 : 2-1 1. Procopius, Vandalic War; Gibbon, chaps.
XXXI-XXXVIII; Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe.

181 : 14. Gibbon, chaps. XXXVII and XXXVIII.

182 : 1. Eginhard, The Life of Charlemagne.

183 : 24. The Political History of England, vol. V, by H.
A. L. Fisher, p. 205: "While the sovereigns of Europe were
collecting tithes from their clergy for the Holy War, and
papal collectors were selling indulgences to the scandal of
some scrupulous minds, the empire became vacant by the
death of Maximilian on January 19, 15 19. For a few months
diplomacy was busy with the choice of a successor. The king
of France (Francis I) poured money into Germany, and was
supported in his candidature by the pope; the king of Eng-
land (Henry VIII) sent Pace to counteract French designs
with the electors; but the issue was never really in doubt.
Germany would not tolerate a French ruler; and on June 28,
15 19, Charles of Spain was elected king of the Romans."

184 : 8. Depopulation. (Thirty Years' War.) Cam-
bridge Modem History, vol. IV, p. 418, says that Germany
was particularly afflicted. The data are unreliable, but the
population of the empire was probably reduced by two-
thirds, or from 16,000,000 to less than 6,000,000. Bavaria,
Franconia and Swabia suffered most. W. Menzel says:

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 363

"Germany is reckoned by some to have lost one-half, by
others, two-thirds, of her entire population during the Thirty
Years' War. In Saxony 900,000 men had fallen within ten
years; in Bohemia the number of inhabitants at the demise
of Frederick II, before the last deplorable inroads made by
Barier and Torstenson, had sunk to one-fourth. Augsburg,
instead of 80,000 had 18,000 inhabitants. Every province,
every town throughout the Empire had suffered at an equal
ratio, with the exception of Tyrol. . . . The working class
had almost totally disappeared. In Franconia the misery
and depopulation had reached such an extent that the Fran-
conian estates, with the assent of the ecclesiastical princes,
abolished in 1650 the celibacy of the Catholic clergy and per-
mitted each man to have two wives. . . . The nobility were
compelled by necessity to enter the services of the princes,
the citizens were impoverished and powerless, the peasantry
had been utterly demoralized by military rule and reduced
to servitude." It has been said that the city of Berlin con-
tained but 300 citizens; the Palatinate of the Rhine but 200
farmers. In character, intelligence and in morality, the
German people were set back two hundred years. There
are, in addition to the authorities quoted here, numerous
others who make the same observations, in fact, this de-
population is one of the outstanding results of the Thirty
Years' War.

See also Anton Gindely, History of the Thirty Years' War,
p. 398.

184 : 22 seq. The British Medical Journal for April 8,
1 91 6; and Parsons, Anthropological Observations on German
Prisoners of War.

185 : 6. See the note to p. 196 : 27.

CHAPTER VIII. THE EXPANSION OF THE
NORDICS

188 : 5. Beddoe, 4; Ripley, chap. VI.
188 : 11. British Medical Journal for April 8, 1916.
188 : 15. Ripley, pp. 221 and 469, and the authorities
quoted.

364 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

188 : 24-189 : 6. P. Kretschmer; and, on the history of
High and Low German, see Herman Paul, Grundriss der
Germanischen Philologie; The Encyclopedia Britannica, under
German Language, gives a good summary.

189 : 7. Ripley, p. 256.

189 : 12. Villari, The Barbarian Invasions of Italy; Thos.
Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders.

189 : 15. Brenner Pass. See Rice Holmes, Ccesar's Con-
quest of Gaul, p. 37; Ripley, p. 290; and most histories of the
incursions of the barbarians into Italy.

189 : 24. Varangians. Most of the early historians of
Russia and Germany and the monk Nestor, who was the
earliest annalist of the Russians, agree in deriving the Varan-
gians or Varegnes from Scandinavia. They probably were
more of the same people whom we find as Varini on the con-
tinental shores of the North Sea. The names of the first
founders of the Russian monarchy are Scandinavian or
Northman. Their language, according to Constantine Por-
phyrogenitus, differed essentially from the Sclavonian. The
author of the annals of St. Bertin, who first names the Rus-
sians (Rhos) in the year 939 of his annals, assigns them Sweden
for their country. Luitprand calls them the same as the
Normans. The Finns, Laplanders and Esthonians speak of
the Swedes to the present day as Roots, Rootsi, Ruorzi,
Rootslane or Rudersman, meaning rowers. See Schlozer, in
his Nestor, p. 60; and Malte Brun, p. 378, as well as Kluchevsky,
vol. I, pp. 56-76 and 92. The Varangians, according to
Gibbon, formed the body-guard of the Greek Emperor at
Byzantium. These were the Russian Varangians, who made
their way to that city by the eastern routes. Canon Isaac
Taylor, in Words and Places, p. no, remarks that "for cen-
turies the Varangian Guard upheld the tottering throne of
the Byzantine emperors." This Varangian Guard was very
largely reinforced by Saxons fleeing from the Norman Con-
quest of England. The name Varangi is undoubtedly iden-
tical with Frank, and is the term used in the Levant to des-
ignate Christians of the western rite, from the days of the
Crusades down to the present time. Cf. Ferangistan — land
of the Franks, or, as it is now interpreted, " Europe," especially

190

: 1.

190

:g.

190

• 13

190

:i5

190

: 19,

,6 : i

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 365

western Europe. E. B. Soane, To Mesopotamia and Kurdi-
stan in Disguise, uses the phrase d la ferangi as describing
anything imported from western Europe.

Deniker, 2, pp. 333-334; Ripley.
Deniker, the same.
Ripley, pp. 281-283.
Ripley, pp. 343 seq.
See the notes to pp. 131 : 26, 140 : 1 seq. and

190 : 26. See p. 140 of this book.

192 : 1 seq. D'Arbois de Jubainville, 1, t. XIV, pp. 357—
395; Feist, 5, p. 365. Col. W. R. Livermore, in correspon-
dence, says that practically all students on the Celtiberian
question agree upon the point where the Celts entered Spain,
namely, that designated by de Jubainville. They passed
along the Atlantic coast, across the Pyrenees, where the rail-
road from Paris to Madrid now crosses, about 500 B. C,
between the time of Avienus, ±525 and Herodotus, ± 443.
In the time of Avienus the Ligurians had both ends of the
Pyrenees from Ampurias to Bayonne, and controlled the
sources of the Batis. In the time of Herodotus, the Gauls
had the country up to the Curretes. See also Miillenhoff ,
Deutsche A Iter turns kunde, II, p. 238, and Deniker, 2, p. 321.
D'Arbois de Jubainville, op. cit., especially pp. 363-364, says:
"The name Celtiberian was adopted at the time of Hannibal,
who entered Spain, married a Celt, and thus won the assis-
tance of the Celts in his march on Rome. . . . The name
Celtiberian is the generic term for designating the Celts es-
tablished in the center of Spain, but the word is sometimes
taken in a less extended sense to designate only one part of
this important group."

192 : 8. Sergi, 4, p. 70. See also p. 156 of this book.

192 : 14. See the note to p. 156, or Ridgeway, The Early
Age of Greece, p. 375.

192 : 18. Ridgeway, op. cit., p. 375. This may refer to
the veins showing blue through the fair Nordic skin.

192 : 18. Ridgeway, op. cit., p. 375. Here he says: "The
Visigoths became the master race, and from them the Span-
ish Grandees, among whom fair hair is a common feature,

366 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

derive their sangre azul. After a glorious struggle against
the Saracens, which served to keep alive their martial ardor
and thus brace up the ancient vigor of the race, from the
1 6th century onward the Visigothic wave seems to have ex-
hausted its initial energy, and the aboriginal stratum has
more and more come to the surface and has thus left Spain
sapless and supine."

192 : 22. Taylor, 2, pp. 308-309, says: "From the name of
the same nation, — the Goths of Spain, — are derived curiously
enough, two names, one implying extreme honor, the other
extreme contempt. The Spanish noble, who boasts that the
sangre azul of the Goths runs in his veins with no admixture,
calls himself an hidalgo, that is, a son of the Goth, as his
proudest title." A footnote to this reads: "The old etymol-
ogy Hijo d'algo, son of someone, has been universally given
up in favor of hi' d'al Go, son of the Goth. (More correctly
hi' del Go'.) See a paper 'On Oc and Oyl' translated by
Bishop Thirlwall, for the Philological Museum, vol. II, p.
337." Taylor goes on to say, however, that the version
hi' d' algo, son of someone, is still given as the origin of this
word in R. Barcia's Primer Diccionaria General Etimologico
de la Lengua Espanol.

Concerning some other derivations Taylor continues: "Of
Gothic blood scarcely less pure than that of the Spanish
Hidalgos, are the Cagots of Southern France, a race of out-
cast pariahs, who in every village live apart, executing every
vile or disgraceful kind of toil, and with whom the poorest
peasant refuses to associate. These Cagots are the descen-
dants of those Spanish Goths, who, on the invasion of the
Moors, fled to Aquitaine, where they were protected by
Charles Martel. But the reproach of Arianism clung to
them, and religious bigotry branded them with the name
cd gots or • Gothic Dogs,' a name which still clings to them,
and keeps them apart from their fellow-men."

Elsewhere we find the following: "The fierce and intoler-
ant Arianism of the Visigothic conquerors of Spain has given
us another word. The word Visigoth has become Bigot,
and thus on the imperishable tablets of language the Catholics
have handed down to perpetual infamy the name and nation
of their persecutors."

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 367

193 : 14 seq. Cf. DeLapouge, UAryen, p. 343, where he
says that the exodus of the Conquistadores was fatal to
Spain.

193 : 17. Rice Holmes, 2; and the note to p. 69 of this
book.

194 : 1. See the note to p. 173.

194 : 8. Ridgeway, I, p. 372, says: " We know from Strabo
and other writers that the Aquitani were distinctly Iberian."
Consult also Rice Holmes, 2, p. 12, where he quotes Caesar.

194 : 14 seq. Ridgeway, op. cit., pp. 372 and 395; Ripley,
chap. VII, pp. 137 seq.

194 : 19 seq. Rice Holmes, 2, under Belgae, pp. 5, 12, 257,
259. 304-305, 308-309, 311, 315, 318-325; and Ancient Brit-
ain, p. 445. The modern composition of the French popula-
tion has been investigated by Edmond Bayle and Dr. Leon
MacAuliffe, who find that there is decided race mixture, with
chestnut pigmentation of hair and eyes predominating.
Blond traits were found to be almost confined to the north
and east, while brunet characters prevail in the south. Pure
black hair is exceedingly rare.

195 : 14. Vanderkindere, Recherches sur VEthnologie de
la Belgique, pp. 569-574; Rice Holmes, 2, p. 323; Beddoe, 4,
pp. 21 seq. and 72.

195 : 18. Ridgeway, 1, p. 373; Ripley, p. 127; Rice
Holmes, 2; and Feist, 5, p. 14.

195 : 25 seq. Franks of the lower Rhine. Eginhard, in
his Life of Charlemagne, p. 7, states the following: "There
were two great divisions or tribes of the Franks, the Salians,
deriving their name probably from the river Isala, the Yssel,
who dwelt on the lower Rhine, and the Ripuarians, probably
from Ripa, a bank, who dwelt about the banks of the middle
Rhine. The latter were by far the most numerous, and
spread over a greater extent of country; but to the Salians
belongs the glory of founding the great Frankish kingdom
under the royal line of the Merwings" (Merovingians).

196 : 2 seq. Ripley, p. 157; DeLapouge, passim.

196 : 7 seq. Oman, 2, pp. 499 seq.; Beddoe, 4, p. 94 and
chap. VII; Fleure and James, pp. 121, 129; Taylor, 2, p. 129;
Ripley, pp. 151-153, Z^-^l-

368 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

196 : 18 seq. DeLapouge, passim; Ripley, pp. 150-155.

197 : 3. See David Starr Jordan, War and the Breed, pp.
61 seq. This stature has somewhat recovered in recent years.
It is now, in Correze, only 2 cm. below the average for the
whole of France. See Grilliere, pp. 392 seq. W. R. Inge,
Outspoken Essays, pp. 41-42: "The notion that frequent war
is a healthy tonic for a nation is scarcely tenable. Its dys-
genic effect, by eliminating the strongest and healthiest of
the population while leaving the weaklings at home to be
the fathers of the next generation, is no new discovery. It
has been supported by a succession of men, such as Tenon,
Dufau, Foissac, DeLapouge and Richet in France; Tiede-
mann and Seeck in Germany; Guerrini in Italy; Kellogg and
Starr Jordan in America. The case is indeed overwhelming.
The lives destroyed in war are nearly all males, thus dis-
turbing the sex equilibrium of the population. They are in
the prime of life, at the age of greatest fecundity; and they
are picked from a list out of which from 20 to 30 per cent
have been rejected for physical unfitness. It seems to be
proved that the children born in France during the Napoleonic
wars were poor and undersized, 30 millimeters below the
normal height."

197 : 11. DeLapouge, passim; Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 306 seq.

197 : 29-198 : 10. R. Collignon, Anthropologie de la
France, pp. 3 seq.; DeLapouge, Les Selections sociales; Rip-
ley, pp. 87-89; Inge, p. 41; Jordan, passim.

198 : 22. Conscript Armies. Two interesting letters bear-
ing on the racial differences composing conscript and volun-
teer armies in the recent World War may here be quoted.

The first, from Mr. T. Rice Holmes, relates to the English
army of Kitchener in 1915. " Perhaps it may interest you
to know that in 1915 when recruits belonging to Kitchener's
army were training near Rochampton, I noticed that almost
every man was fair, — not, of course, with the pronounced
fairness of the men of the north of Scotland, who are descended
from Scandinavians, but with such fairness as is to be seen
in England. These men, as you know, were volunteers."

The second, from DeLapouge, concerns our American
army in France. "I have been able to verify for myself

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 369

your observations on the American army. The first to ar-
rive were all volunteers, all dolicho-blonds; but the draft
afterwards brought in inferior elements. At St. Nazaire, at
Tours, and at Poictiers, I have been able to examine American
soldiers by the tens of thousands and I have been able to
formulate for myself a very definite conception of the types."

199 : 9. H. Belloc, The Old Road; Peake, Memorials of
Old Leicestershire, pp. 34-41; Fleure and James, p. 127.

199 : 23. See the notes to pp. 174 : 21 and 247 : 3 of this
book.

199 : 29-200 : 11. See p. 131 of this book; also Rice
Holmes, 1, pp. 231-236, 434, 455"456; and 2, P- I5-

200 : 10. Cf. Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 446, 449 and the note
on 451; also Oman, 2, p. 16.

200 : 12. Inferred from Rice Holmes, 1, p. 232; also Bed-
doe, 4, p. 31.

200 : 18. Oman, 2, pp. 174-175 and chap. Ill seq., treats
specially of these times. See also Beddoe, 4, pp. 36, 37 and
chap. V.

200 : 24. Oman, 2, pp. 215-219.

201 : 1. Villari, vol I, or Hodgkin.

201 :6 seq. Oman, 2; Ripley, pp. 154, 156; Beddoe, 4,
p. 94; Fleure and James, pp. 121, 129; Taylor, 2.

201 : 11 seq. Beddoe, 4, chap. VII and the notes to p.
196 : 7 of this book.

201 : 18 seq. See pp. 63, 64.

201 : 23 seq. See the notes to p. 247. Decline of the
Nordic type in England. Beddoe, H.; Fleure and James;
Peake and Horton, A Saxon Graveyard at East Shejjord, Berks,
p. 103.

202 : 4. Beddoe, 4, p. 148.

202 : 13. Beddoe, 4, p. 92 and also chap. XII.
202 : 17. Ripley, under Ireland.

202 : 23 seq. See the notes to p. 108 : 1.

203 : 5 seq. The intellectual inferiority of the Irish. If
there is any indication of the intellectual rating of various
foreign countries to be derived from the draft examinations
of our foreign-born, grouped according to place of nativity,
a paper by Major Bingham of Washington, in regard to "The

37o DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

Relation of Intelligence Ratings to Nativity " may be quoted.
The total number of foreign-born examined, which formed
the basis of this report, was 12,407, while the total number of
native-born whites was 93,973. Only countries were con-
sidered which were represented by more than 100 men in the
examinations. The tests were divided into those for literates
and those for illiterates, so that even men not speaking Eng-
lish could be graded. In these examinations the Irish made
a surprisingly poor showing, falling far below the English
and Scotch, who stood very high, as well as below the Ger-
mans, Austrians, French-Canadians, Danes, Dutch, Bel-
gians, Swedes and Norwegians, being about on a par with
the Russians, Poles and Italians. Therefore, if these tests
are any criterion of intellectual ability, the Irish are notice-
ably inferior.

203 : 18. See p. 123 of this book.

203 : 24. Beddoe, 4, p. 139 and chap. XIV.

204 : 1. See the note to p. 150 : 21.

204 : 5. There is an amusing discussion in Rice Holmes,
1, on the Pictish question. See pp. 409-424. Rice Holmes
contends that the Picts were not pure remnants of the Pre-
Celtic inhabitants, but a mixture of these with Celts. The
term Picts has been very widely accepted as a designation for
those Pre-Celtic inhabitants, who were certainly there. No
other name has been given for them and it is in this sense
that it is used here, and that Rice Holmes himself is obliged
to use it on p. 456. It will be useful to the reader to peruse
pp. 13-16 of Rhys and Jones, The Welsh People. Appendix
B, of that volume (pp. 617 seq.), written by Sir J. Morris
Jones, entitled "Pre- Aryan Syntax in Insular Celtic," shows
the Anaryan survivals in Welsh and Irish to be remarkably
similar to ancient Egyptian, which, with the Berber of inter-
mediate situation, belongs to the great Hamitic family of
languages and was the tongue of the primitive Mediter-
raneans. For Beddoe's opinion see 4, p. 36. On p. 247 he
says, speaking of the Highland people: " Every here and there
a decidedly Iberian physiognomy appears, which makes one
think Professor Rhys right in supposing that the Picts were
in part, at least, of that stock." See Hector McLean, 1,

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 371

p. 170, where he suggests that the Picts were originally the
Pictones from the south bank of the Loire in Gaul.

The name Pixie, met with so frequently in Irish legends,
and relating to little people similar to dwarfs, may have some
connection with these shy little Mediterraneans whom the
Nordics found on their arrival and who were forced back by
them into inaccessible districts.

204 : 19. See the article on "Pre-Aryan Syntax in In-
sular Celtic," just mentioned, and Beddoe, 4, p. 46, quoting
Elton, p. 167. For other Non-Aryan remnants, especially in
names, see Hector McLean, 1, passim.

205 : 3. See Fleure and James, pp. 62, 73, 1 19-128, and
especially pp. 125 and 151.

205 : 10. The same, pp. 38-39, 75 and elsewhere.
205 : 16. This is intimated by Rhys and Jones, in The
Welsh People , p. 33.

205 : 20 seq. The same, chap. I, especially p. 35 and pp.
502 seq.; Fleure and James, p. 143.

206 : 3. Fleure and James, pp. 38, 75, 119, 152. These
gentlemen say, on p. 38, that they believe that certain types,
without any intervening social or linguistic barrier for cen-
turies, have apparently persisted side by side in very marked
fashion in certain parts of Wales.

A letter from Mr. Baring Gould confirms this: "In Wales
there are two types, the dark Siluric and the light Norman.
Here in the west of England we have the same two types.
In this neighborhood one village is fair, the next dark and
sallow. It is the same in Cornwall; in certain villages the
type is dark and sallow, in others fair. There is no com-
parison between the capabilities moral and physical be-
tween the two types. The dark is tricky, unreliable and goes
under, and the fair type predominates in trade, in business,
in farming and in every department."

Beddoe, Fleure and James, and also Hector McLean re-
mark on the various moral and mental capabilities of the
different physical types.

206 : 13. Beddoe, 4, chap. VIII.

206 : 16 seq. Taylor, 2, p. 129; Keary, pp. 486 seq. On
the Normans see Beddoe, chaps. VIII, IX and X.

372 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

207 : 2. Beddoe, the same.

207 : 11. Gibbon, chap. LVI; Taylor, 2, p. 133.

207 : 15. Beddoe, chap. VIII.

208 : 8. Beddoe, 4, p. 95. The breadth of skull "of the
Norman aristocracy may probably have been smaller, but
the ecclesiastics of Norman or French nationality, who
abounded in England for centuries after the conquest and
who, in many cases, rose from the subjugated Celtic [Alpine]
layer of population, have left us a good many broad and round
skulls. Thus the crania of three bishops of Durham . . .
yield an index of 85.6, while those of eight Anglican canons
dating from before the conquest yield one of 74.9. So far,
however, as the actual conquest and armed occupation of
England was concerned, the aristocracy and military caste,
who were largely of Scandinavian type, came over in much
larger proportion than the more Belgic or Celtic lower ranks,
insomuch that it has been said that more of the Norman
noblesse came over to England than were left behind."

During the Middle Ages the church was a very democratic
institution, and it was only through its offices that the lower
ranks succeeded in working their way up. This was partly
because the older peoples possessed the Roman learning, and
because the northern invaders were more addicted to martial
than to priestly pursuits. The conquered people had no
chance to rise in political, aristocratic or military circles, and
contented themselves with the church. At the present time,
in many Catholic countries, notably Ireland, the priests are
derived from the lowest stratum of the population, as may
be clearly recognized in their portraits.

208 : 14. Beddoe, passim.

208 : 20. Beddoe, 4, p. 270; G. Retzius, 3; Ripley; Fleure
and James, p. 152; Alphonse de Candolle, Histoire des sciences
et des savants depuis deux siecles, p. 576; Peake and Horton,
p. 103; and the note to p. 201 : 23 of this book.

208 : 26. Beddoe, 4, p. 148.

210 : 5. Cf. Beddoe, p. 94.

210 : 20. Ripley, pp. 228, 283, 345.

210 : 24. Holland and Flanders. Ripley, pp. 157 and
293 seq.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 373

210 : 25. Flemings and Franks. See Sir Harry Johnston,
Views and Reviews, p. 101.

211 : 6. The authorities quoted in Ripley, p. 207. See
also Fleure and James, p. 140; Zaborowski, 2; and C. O.
Arbo, Yner, p. 25.

211 : 26. Ripley, pp. 363-365; Feist, 5; and Dr. Wester-
lund as quoted in "The Finns," by Van Cleef.

212 : 1. Ripley, p. 341.

212 : 4. See the note to p. 242 : 16.

CHAPTER DC. THE NORDIC FATHERLAND

213 : 1-23. Cf. O. Schrader, 2 and 3; Mathaeus Much;
Hirt, 1, 2; Zaborowski, 1, pp. 100-110; Peake, 2, pp. 163-167;
Feist, 1, p. 14; Taylor, 1; Ripley, p. 127; Ridgeway, 1, p.
373 and the notes to pp. 239 : 16 seq., and 253 : 19 of this
book. D'Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, pp. ix and 214, gives
the date when the Indo-Europeans were united as 2500 B. C.
Feist, 5, believes the Nordics were still in their homeland
between 2500 and 2000 B. C. This was the transition period
from Stone to Bronze in north-middle and eastern Europe.
Breasted, Ancient Times, says: "It has recently been scien-
tifically demonstrated on the basis, chiefly, of the Amarna
tablets and other cuneiform evidence, that the Aryans had
by 2000 or 1800 B. C. begun to leave a home on the east or
southeast of the Caspian, where they divided into two
branches, one going southeast into India, the other south-
west into Babylon." " The first occurrence of Indo-European
names is in the Tell-el-Amarna (Egyptian) correspondence,"
says Myres, Dawn of History, p. 153, "which gives so vivid
a picture of Syrian affairs in the years immediately after
1400. They represent chieftains scattered up and down
Syria and Palestine, and they include the name of Tushratta,
king of the large district of Mitanni beyond Euphrates. . . .
But this is a minor matter; nothing is commoner in the his-
tory of migatory peoples than to find a very small leaven of
energetic intruders ruling and organizing large native popu-
lations without either learning their subjects' language or
improving their own until considerably later, if at all. The

374 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

Norman princes, for example, bear Teutonic names, Robert,
William, Henry; but it is Norman French in which they
govern Normandy and correspond with the king of France.
All these Indo-European names (mentioned in the tablets),
belong to the Iranian group of languages, which is later found
widely spread over the whole plateau of Persia."

214 : 1 seq. See pp. 158-159 of this book.

214 : 7 seq. Herodotus, IV, 17, 18, 33, 53, 65, 74, etc., for
notes on the Scythians. Wheat was cultivated in the south-
ern part of Scythia. Corn was an article of trade, and the
loom was used. See also Zaborowski, 1; Ripley; Feist, 5.

214 : 10. Scythians. According to Zaborowski, 1, the
Scythians were the earliest known Nordic nomads of Scythia,
or southern Russia, from whom no doubt came the Achaeans,
Cimmerians, etc., and later the Persian conquerors, the lead-
ers of the Kassites and Mitanni, etc. The Sacae were an
eastern branch of the Scythians (and likewise the Massa-
getae), who threw off branches into India. Possibly the Wu-
Suns and the Epthalites, or White Huns, were eastern off-
shoots. Owing to the fact that Scythia has been swept time
and again by various hordes moving east and west, and has
served no doubt as a meeting-ground for Alpines, Nordics
and Mongols, these may all, at some period or another, have
been called Scythians because they inhabited this little-
known territory. But the indications are strongly in favor
of the original Scythians being Nordics. It is in this sense
that the name is here applied. Minns, Scythians and Greeks,
and D'Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, are two other authori-
ties who have discussed the Scythians at length.

214 : 11. Cimmerians. See the note to p. 173. On the
Persians, see the notes to p. 254. For the Sacae, the note to
p. 259 : 21; for the Massagetae, the same; for the Kassites,
that to p. 239 : 13. These last are Non-Aryan, according
to some authors, including Prince, but Hall, The Ancient
History of the Near East, says they are undeniably Aryans.
For the Mitanni see the note to p. 239 : 16.

214 : 26-215 : 3. See p. 161 of this book.

215 : 15. See p. 160 of this book.

215 : 25. Dante Alighieri. It is interesting to know that

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 375

the name Aligheri is Gothic, a corruption of Aldiger. It be-
longs to such German names as those which include the word
"ger," spear, as in Gerhard, Gertrude, etc. This name came
into the family through Dante's grandmother on the father's
side, a Goth from Ferrara, whose name was Aldigero. With
regard to the origin of his grandfather and mother, the at-
tempt to connect him with Roman families is known to be
a pure fiction on the part of the Italian biographers, who
thought it more glorious to be a Roman than anything else;
but his descent from pure Germanic parentage is practically
proved, since the grandfather was a warrior, knighted by the
emperor Conrad, and Dante himself declares that he be-
longed to the petty nobility. Even to the beginning of the
fifteenth century many Italians are described in old docu-
ments as Alemanni, Langobardi, etc., ex alamanorum genere,
legibus vivens Langobardorum, etc. Though the majority of
them had adopted Roman law, whereby the documentary
evidence of their descent usually disappeared, they were
thoroughly Germanic in blood, especially those to whom
Rome owes much. See Franz Xaver Kraus, Dante, pp.
21-25, and Savigny, Geschichte des rbmischen Rechte im Mittel-
alter, I, chap. III.

216 : 1. See the notes to p. 254 : 13-15.

216 : 4. Nordic Sacae. See the notes to p. 259 : 21.

216 : 9. See the notes to pp. 70 and 242 : 5.

216 : 12. Gibbon, especially vols. Ill and IV, which con-
tain numerous references, and the note to p. 135 : 25.

216 : 17. Tenney Frank, Race Mixture in the Roman Em-
pire, pp. 704 seq.

217 13. Plutarch's Life of Pompey the Great, and his Life
of Ccesar; also Ferrero, The Greatness and Decline of Rome,
vol. II, "Oesar," chap. VII.

217 : 12. Decline of the Romans and the Punic Wars.
Livy, I, XXI seq., and Appian, De rebus hispaniensibus, and
De bello Annibalico. Also Pliny, I, and Polybius, I. D'Ar-
bois de Jubainville, 1, section entitled "Les Celtiberes pen-
dant la seconde guerre punique," pp. 44 seq., says that Han-
nibal's success in Rome was due to the aid of the Celts and
the Celtiberians. Hannibal gained much of his army from

376 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

the Celts of Spain, Gaul, and Cis-Alpine Gaul, as he marched
toward Rome.

217 : 16. Social and Servile Wars. Plutarch's Lives of
Fabius Maximus and of Sylla.

217 : 26. See the note to p. 51 : 18.

218 : 16. Tenney Frank, 1 and 2; Dill, 2, book II, chaps.
II and III; and 1, book II, chap. I; Myers, Ancient History,
pp. 498-499, 523-525. Bury, in A History of the Later Roman
Empire, vol. I, chap. Ill, makes slavery, oppressive taxation,
the importation of barbarians and Christianity the four
chief causes of the weakness and failure of the Empire.

Gibbon, vol I, at the end of chap. X, says, in speaking
of the extinction of the old Roman families, that only the
Calpurnian gens long survived the tyranny of the Caesars.
See the last three or four pages of the chapter. Also Fred-
erick Adams Woods, The Influence of Monarchs, p. 295.

219 : 11-220 : 19. Frank, 1, p. 705.

220 : 21. See p. 216 of this book.

221 : 25. Gibbon ; Lecky , The History of European Morals ;
and the note to p. 218 : 16.

CHAPTER X. THE NORDIC RACE OUTSIDE
OF EUROPE

223 : 2. Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, pp. 380
seq.; Myers, Ancient History, p. 33, footnote. Also consult
Von Luschan, The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia, p. 230.

223 : 5. DeLapouge, L'Aryen, pp. 200 seq.

223 : 5. Tamahu. Authorities above; Sergi, 4, pp. 59
seq. ; Beddoe, 4, p. 14, for the question of their race.

223 : 12. Broca, 1; Collignon, 5 and 7; Sergi, 1; and Rip-
ley, p. 279. There are numerous articles on the blond Ber-
bers and references to their relation to the Vandals. Ripley,
based on Broca, gives the essential information. Gibbon,
chap. XXXIII, is an important reference.

Blond Moors. Procopius says, D7, 13, describing the fight-
ing with the Moors in Mauretania beyond Mt. Aurasium,
which is thirteen days' journey west of Carthage: "I have
heard Ortaias say that beyond these nations of Moors, be-

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 377

yond Aurasium, which he ruled" [apparently south] "there
was no habitation of men, but desert land to a great distance,
and that beyond this desert there are men, not black-skinned
like the Moors, but very white in body and fair-haired."

Mr. J. B. Thornhill relates that about fifteen years ago he
was in Morocco (presumably near Tangier) and while there
he saw several purely blond Berbers from the Riff mountains.
A young girl, especially, was an almost pure Swedish blond.
The coloring, however, was pale and whitish rather than
pink; the eyes were blue and the hair wavy and very blond.

223 : 21. For the Philistines, Anakim and Achaeans see
Ridge way, 1, pp. 618 seq. Sir William Ridge way places the
appearance of the Philistines as nearly synchronous with
that of the Achaeans, and states that their weapons and armor
were similar to those of the Achaeans, but different from those
of the other nations of the early world. Cf. also Hall, Ancient
History of the Near East, p. 72, especially footnote 1, where he
says: "The Philistines were specially receptive of Hellenic
culture and eager to claim relationship with the Greeks, and
disassociate themselves from the Semites. Their coin types
shew this, see p. 399, n." He regards them as Cretans.

223 : 22-23. Sons of Anak. Numbers, XIII, 33: "And
there we saw the giants, the sons of Anak, which came of
the giants; and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers
and so we were in their sight." Deuteronomy, I, 28:
"Whither shall we go up? Our brethren have discouraged
our heart, saying, 'The people is greater and taller than we;
the cities are great and walled up to heaven; and moreover
we have seen the sons of the Anakim there.'"

Fairness of David. I Samuel, XVI, 11, 12: "And Samuel
said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? And he said,
There remaineth the youngest, and behold, he keepeth the
sheep. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Send and fetch him;
for we shall not sit down till he come hither. And he sent,
and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a
beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. . . ." Chap.
XVII, 41,42 : "And the Philistine came on and drew near unto
David, and when the Philistine looked about, and saw David,
he disdained him; for he was but a youth, and ruddy and of

378 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

a fair countenance." In the Hebrew, the phrase Of a Beauti-
ful Countenance means fair of eyes.

The presence of Nordics in Syria among the Amorites is
indicated by the tall stature, long-headedness and fair skin
with which they are depicted on the Egyptian monuments.
In some instances their eyes are blue. See p. 59 of Albert
T. Clay's The Empire of the Amorites, also Sayce, and Hall.

224 : 3. Wu-Suns and Hiung-Nu. Minns, Scythians and
Greeks, p. 121. DeLapouge, L'Aryen, mentions the existence
of a number of central Asiatic tribes in addition to the Wu-
Suns, who were Nordic. See also J. Klaproth, Tableaux his-
toriques de VAsie. Zaborowski, Les peuples aryens, p. 286,
says: "The Hiung-Nu hurled themselves upon the Illi, and
upon another blond people the Wu-Suns, whose importance
was such that the Chinese, who have made them known to
us, sought their alliance against the Huns. The Chinese
knew then, in Turkestan, only the Wu-Suns, the Sse, or
Sacae, and the Ta-hia (our Tadjiks)."

"The Yue-Tchi, repulsed by the Wu-Suns in 130 B. C,
hurled themselves upon Bactria" (see the notes to p. 119 : 13).
"The Sacae were then masters of it and their dispossession
resulted in pressing them in part into India where they
founded a kingdom and also in part into the Pro-Pamirian
valleys, especially that of the Oxus. The Yue-Tchi ruled
over central Asia until 425 A. D. They were dispossessed
in their turn by the Hoas, or Epthalite Huns" (White Huns).

The remainder of the chapter, pp. 287-291 is concerned
with Turkestan, the Wu-Suns, Huns, Kirghizes, etc.

224 : 13. Deniker, 2, pp. 59 and 371, says the Ainus are
dolichocephalic and have in addition other Nordic traits.
See also Haddon, 1, pp. 8, 15-16, 49-50, Ratzel and others.
The Ainus are, according to Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 852,
the hairiest people in the world.

224 : 19. See the notes to pp. 31 : 16-32 : 4.

224 : 28. Deniker, 2, pp. 59 and 371 ; Haddon, 1, pp. 8, 15.

225 : 11. Phrygians. Bury, History of Greece, pp. 46-48,
says: "But about this very time (1287 B. C.) the Hittite
power was declining and northwestern Asia Minor as far as
the valley of the Sangarius, was wrested from their rule by

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 379

swarms of new invaders from Europe. These were the
Phrygians to whose race the Dardanians belonged and who
were so closely akin to the Thracians that we may speak of
the Phrygo-Thracian division of the Indo-European family."
On p. 44 we read: "The dynasty from which the Homeric
kings, Agamemnon and Menelaus sprang, was founded ac-
cording to Greek tradition, early in the 13th century (B. C.)
by Pelops, a Phrygian. Agamemnon and Menelaus represent
the Achaean stock. . . . The meaning of this Phrygian re-
lationship is not clear." But if we follow the extent of the
Achaean invasions and the relation of the art and language
of archaic Phrygia to archaic Greece, the difficulty seems
solved. See Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, p. 475.
The Encyclopedia Britannica (Phrygia) says: "According to
unvarying Greek tradition the Phrygians were most closely
akin to certain tribes of Macedonia and Thrace; and their
near relationship to the Hellenic stock is proved by all that
is known of their language and art, and is accepted by
almost every modern authority. . . . The inference has
been generally drawn that the Phrygians belonged to a stock
widespread in the countries which lie around the ^Egean
Sea. There is, however, no conclusive evidence whether this
stock came from the east, over Armenia, or was European in
origin and crossed the Hellespont into Asia Minor; but mod-
ern opinion inclines decidedly to the latter view"; and we
may add that the recently demonstrated linguistic affilia-
tions strengthen this assumption. See also Ridgeway, 1,
pp. 396 and elsewhere; Peake, 2, p. 172; Feist, 5, p. 407;
Felix Sartiaux, Troie, la guerre de Troie; and O. Schrader,
Jevons translation, p. 430.

225 : 15. Cimmerians. See the note to p. 173 : 11.

225 : 17. Gauls and Galatians. See the note to p. 158 : 1.

225 : 19. Von Luschan, p. 243, says: "All western Asia
was originally inhabited by a homogeneous, melanochroic
race, with extreme hypsi-brachycephaly and with a 'Hittite'
nose. About 4000 B. C. began a Semitic invasion from the
southeast, probably from Arabia, by people looking like
modern Bedawy. 2000 years later commenced a second in-
vasion, this time from the northwest by xanthochrous and

380 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

long-headed tribes like the modern Kurds, and perhaps con-
nected with the historic Harri, Amorites, Tamahu and Gala-
tians.

"The modern 'Turks,' Greeks and Jews are all three
equally composed of these three elements, the Hititte, the
Semitic, and the xanthochrous Nordic. Not so the Armenians
and Persians. They, and still more, the Druses, Maronites,
and the smaller sectarian groups of Syria and Asia Minor,
represent the old Hittite element, and are little, or not at
all, influenced by the somatic characters of alien invaders."

Von Luschan means by Persians, the round-headed Medic
element, which has always been in the majority and which
has, at the present day, practically submerged the once
powerful, dominant Nordic class, which he says is still seen
not rarely in some old noble families.

225 : 20. Until rather recently nothing much was known
about the wild Kurdish tribes living in southeast Anatolia,
and what reports there were, were frequently conflicting.
There are two kinds of Kurds, dark and light. More data
has gradually accumulated, however, and it seems that the
true Kurds are tall, blond people, who resemble very much
the inhabitants of northern Europe.

Ratzel, History of Mankind, says, quoting Polak: "The
Kurds are, in color of skin, hair and eyes, so little different to
the northern, especially the Teutonic breed, that they might
easily be taken for Germans. There is nothing to contra-
dict this racial affinity in the reputation for honor and cour-
age, which in spite of their rapacious tendencies, the Kurds
enjoy wherever it has been found possible to compel them to
labor or to the trade of arms. In Persia the Shah entrusts
the security of his person to Kurdish officers rather than to
any others. Their loyalty to their hereditary Wali, which
neither Turks nor Persians have been able to shake, is also
noted with praise. The Kurd prefers to wander with his
herds and in the winter lives in caves like Xenophon's Car-
duchi. . . . The Kurds are a highly mixed race of a type
chiefly Iranian, which has been compared with the Afghan
but is not homogeneous. The eastern Kurds must have re-
ceived a larger infusion of Turkish blood than the western.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 381

'Husbandmen by necessity, fighters by inclination,' says
Moltke, 'the Arab is more of a thief, the Kurd more of a
warrior.' They are a vigorous, violent race, running wild in
tribal feuds and vendettas. . . . Their women hold a freer
position than those of the Turks and Persians." The quo-
tation is from vol. Ill, p. 537.

Von Luschan, op. cit., p. 229, describes them thus: " [They]
have long heads and generally blue eyes and fair hair. They
are probably descended from the Kardouchoi and Gordyaeans
of old historians. They live southeast of the Armenian moun-
tains. The western Kurds are dolichocephalic and more
than half of them are fair. The eastern Kurds are little
known but are apparently darker and more round-headed."

Soane, in To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise, gives
a very full description of them, confirming the above. There
are so many tribes differing from one another, that only the
briefest summary may be given. It is found on pp. 398 seq.
"Judged as specimens of the human form, there is probably
no higher standard extant that that of the Kurds. The
northerner is a tall, thin man (obesity is absolutely unknown
among the Kurds). The nose is long, thin and often a little
hooked, the mouth small, the face oval and long. The men
usually grow a long moustache, and invariably shave the
beard. The eyes are piercing and fierce. Among them are
many of yellow hair and bright blue eyes; and the Kurdish
infant of this type, were he placed among a crowd of English
children, would be indistinguishable from them, for he has
a white skin. In the south the face is a little broader some-
times, and the frame heavier. Of forty men of the southern
tribes taken at random, there were nine under six feet,
though among some tribes the average height is five feet
nine. The stride is long and slow, and the endurance of
hardship great. They hold themselves as only mountain
men can do, proudly and erect. . . . Many and many a
man have I seen among them who might have stood for the
picture of a Norseman. Yellow, flowing hair, a long droop-
ing moustache, blue eyes, and a fair skin — one of the most
convincing proofs, if physiognomy be a criterion (were their
language not a further proof), that the Anglo-Saxon and

382 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

Kurd are one and the same stock." For a list of Kurdish
tribes and their numbers and affiliations see Mark Sykes,
vol. XXXVIII of the Jour, of the Roy. Anth. Soc. of Great
Britain and Ireland, and Von Luschan, op. cit.

From all this evidence by men who have travelled among
them it would appear that the Kurds are descendants of
some ancient Nordic invaders who have found refuge in the
mountain regions north of Mesopotamia. Cf. the note to
p. 239 : 16.

CHAPTER XI. RACIAL APTITUDES

226 : 7. Conklin, in Heredity and Environment, p. 207,
says: "Psychological characters appear to be inherited in
the same way that anatomical and physiological traits are;
indeed, all that has been said regarding the correlation of
morphological and physiological characters applies also to
psychological ones. No one doubts that particular instincts,
aptitudes and capacities are inherited among both animals
and men, nor that different races and species differ heredi-
tarily in psychological characteristics. The general ten-
dency of recent work on heredity is unmistakable, whether
it concerns man or lower animals. The entire organism,
consisting of structures and functions, body and mind, de-
velops out of the germ, and the organization of the germ de-
termines all the possibilities of development of the mind no
less than of the body, though the actual realization of any
possibility is dependent also upon environmental stimuli."

Cf. Haeckel, The Riddle of the Universe, passim.

226 : 17. Deniker, 2, pp. 76, 97-104.

227 : 1. Cf. their busts with other Greek statues.

227 : 15. This does not refer to the peculiar nests of
round-heads alluded to by Fleure and James, and Zabo-
rowski, but to the Alpines proper.

227 : 20. DeLapouge, Les Selections sociales.

228 : 18. See Tacitus, Ger mania.

229 : 6. It may be interesting in this connection to quote
Fleure and James, pp. 118-119, who, after giving illustrations
of Mediterranean types, say of them: "Types i(a) to i(c)

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 383

contribute considerable numbers to the ministries of the vari-
ous churches, possibly in part from inherent and racial lean-
ings, but partly also because these are the people of the
Moorlands. The idealism of such people usually expresses
itself in music, poetry, literature and religion, rather than in
architecture, painting and plastic arts generally. They rarely
have a sufficiency of material resources for the latter activi-
ties. These types also contribute a number of men to the
medical profession, for somewhat similar reasons, no doubt.

" The successful commercial men, who have given the Welsh
their extraordinarily prominent place in British trade (ship-
ping firms, for example), usually belong to types 2 or 4"
[Nordic and Nordic- Alpine, Beaker Maker], "rather than to
1, as also do the great majority of Welsh members of Parlia-
ment, though there are exceptions of the first importance.

"The Nordic type is marked by ingenuity and enterprise
in striking out new lines. Type 2(c)" [Beaker Maker] "in
Wales is remarkable for governmental ability of the admin-
istrative kind as well as for independence of thought and
critical power."

The following remarks are taken from Beddoe, 4, p. 142:
" In opposition to the current opinion it would seem that the
Welsh rise most in commerce, the Scotch coming after them
and the Irish nowhere. The people of Welsh descent and
name hold their own fairly in science; the Scotch do more,
the Irish less. But when one looks to the attainment of
military or political distinction, the case is altered. Here
the Scotchmen, and especially the Highlanders bear away
the palm; the Irish retrieve their position and the Welsh are
little heard of."

See also p. 10 of Beddoe's Races of Britain, and Hector
McLean in vol. IV, pp. 218 seq. of the Anthropological Review
and elsewhere. The following quotation from Hall's Ancient
History of the Near East is interesting:

"Knowing what we do of the psychological peculiarities
of the different races of mankind, it is perhaps not an illegiti-
mate speculation to wonder whence the Greeks inherited this
sense of proportion in their whole mental outlook. The
feeling of Hellenes for art in general was surely inherited

384 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

from their forebears on the yEgean, not the Indo-European
side.* The feeling for naturalistic art, for truth of represen-
tation, may have come from the ^Egeans, but the equally
characteristic love of the crude and bizarre was not inherited:
the sense of proportion inhibited it. In fact, we may ascribe
this sense to the Aryan element in the Hellenic brain, to
which must also be attributed the Greek political sense, the
idea of the rights of the folk and of the individual in it.f
The Mediterranean possessed the artistic sense without the
sense of proportion: the Aryan had little artistic sense but
had the sense of proportion and justice, and with it the polit-
ical sense. The result of the fusion of the two races we see
in the true canon of taste and beauty in all things that had
become the ideal of the Greeks,J and was through them to
become the ideal of mankind."

229 : 22. Fleure and James, p. 146, say: "In the folk
tales, it is true, the people are called fairies but colouring is
mentioned only in one case — that is of a trader from the sea
who is said to be fair; i. e., fair hair is treated as something
worthy of special mention. The fairy children (changelings)
are always described in such a way as to suggest they they
were dark, and that they were the children of the Upland-

* "We have only to look around and seek, vainly, for any self-
developed artistic feeling among the pure Indo-Europeans. The
Kassites had none and blighted that of Babylonia for centuries: the
Persians had none and merely adopted that of Assyria: the Goths
and Vandals had none : the Celts and Teutons have throughout the
centuries derived theirs from the Mediterranean region."

t The predominance of the Aryan element in Greek political ideas
is obvious. It is not probable that the old JEgean had any more
definite political ideas than had his relative the Egyptian.

% "In matters of political and ordinary justice between man and
man they fell short of their ideal often enough, but they had the
reasonable ideal: the barbarians had none. The Egyptians were
an imaginative race, but their imagination was untrammelled by
the sense of proportion: their only thinker with reasonable and
logical ideas, Akhenaten, soon became as mad a fanatic as any un-
reasonable Nitrian monk or Arab Mahdi. Ordinarily speaking,
Egyptian and Semitic ideals were purely religious, and so, to the
Greek mind, beyond the domain of reason. The Babylonians, As-
syrians, and Phoenicians cannot be said ever to have possessed any
ideals of any kind."

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 385

folk of our hypothesis — i. e., mostly of Mediterranean race.
In the romances the princes and princesses are said to be
fair, as though that were exceptional. Our friend, Mr. J.
H. Shaxby, draws our attention to the probability that the
word fair in 'fair' or 'fair-folk' does not refer to physical
traits, but is an adulatory term such as men so generally
use in describing beings about whom their suDerstitions
gather."

230 : 5. Pope Gregory, about 578 A. D.

230 : 9. For evidence as to the blond characters of
Christ and the indications of His descent, see Haeckel, The
Riddle of the Universe, chap. XVII.

Every now and then some reference to this question is
noted in the daily papers. Not long ago, in one of the large
New York dailies, there appeared a short paragraph concern-
ing the letter of Lentulus. All mention of the extremely
doubtful authenticity of this letter was omitted. The
Catholic Cyclopaedia, vol. LX, discusses the matter as follows :

Publius Lentulus, A fictitious person said to have been
the governor of Judea before Pontius Pilate and to have
written the following letter to the Roman Senate : " Lentulus,
the Governor of the Jerusalemites, to the Roman Senate
and People, greetings. There has appeared in our times
and there still lives, a man of great power (virtue), called
Jesus Christ. The people call him prophet of truth; his
disciples son of God. He raises the dead, and heals infirmi-
ties. He is a man of medium size (statura procerus, mediocris
et spectabilis); he has a venerable aspect, and his beholders
can both fear and love him. His hair is of the color of the
ripe hazel nut, straight down to the ears, but below the ears
wavy and curled, with a bluish and bright reflection flowing
over his shoulders. It is parted in two on the top of the
head, after the pattern of the Nazarenes. His brow is smooth
and very cheerful, with a face without a wrinkle or spot,
embellished by a slightly ruddy complexion. His nose and
mouth are faultless. His beard is abundant, of the color of
his hair, not long, but divided at the chin. His aspect is
simple and mature, his eyes are changeable and bright. He
is terrible in his reprimands, sweet and amiable in his ad-

386 DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT

monitions, cheerful without loss of gravity. He was never
known to laugh, but often to weep. His stature is straight,
his hands and arms beautiful to behold. His conversation
is grave, infrequent and modest. He is the most beautiful
among the children of men." The letter was first printed
in The Life of Christ, by Ludolph the Carthusian, at Cologne,
1474. According to the manuscript of Jena, a certain Gia-
como Colonna found the letter in an ancient Roman docu-
ment sent to Rome from Constantinople. It must be of
Greek origin and have been translated into Latin during the
thirteenth or fourteenth century, though it received its
present form at the hands of a humanist of the fifteenth or
sixteenth century.

The description agrees with the so-called Abgar picture of
Our Lord. It also agrees with the portrait of Jesus Christ
drawn by Nicephorus, St. John Damascene, and the Book
of Painters (of Mt. Athos). Munter, {Die Sinnbilder und
Kunstvorstellungen der alien Christen, Altona, 1825, p. 9),
believes he can trace the letter down to the time of Diocle-
tian, but this is not generally admitted. The Letter of Len-
tulus is certainly apocryphal; there never was a governor of
Jerusalem; no procurator of Judea is known to have been
called Lentulus; a Roman governor would not have ad-
dressed the Senate, but the Emperor; a Roman writer would
not have employed the expressions, "prophet of truth,"
"sons of men," "Jesus Christ." The former two are He-
brew idioms, the third is taken from the New Testament.
The letter, therefore, shows us a description of Our Lord such
as Christian piety conceived him.

There is considerable literature touching on this letter,
for which see the Catholic Cychpcedia. Although we cannot
credit the letter as genuine, it is interesting, as the article
indicated, in showing the popular attitude to the traits in
question, and in attributing these Nordic characters to
Christ, as are the occasional efforts to bring the matter up
again in the journals of to-day.

DOCUMENTARY SUPPLEMENT 387

CHAPTER XII. ARYA

233 : 4. Synthetic. See the note on languages, p. 242 : 5.

233 : 13. Tenney Frank, 2, pp. 1, 2, and the authorities
quoted at the end of the chapter. Also Peake, 2, pp. 154-
173; Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe, pp. 44-45.

233 : 20. See the note to p. 99 : 27.

233 : 24. Ridgeway, 1 ; Conway, 1 ; Peake, 2 ; and numer-
ous other authorities.

234 : 2. The Messapians, according to Ridgeway, 1, p.
347, were the remnants of the primitive Ligurians, who once
occupied central Italy but who migrated, under the pressure
of the Umbrians, toward the south. There some of them
survived under the name Iapyges or Messapians, in the heel
of the peninsula. "The name Iapyges seems identical with
that of the Iapodes, that Illyrian tribe which dwelt on the
other side of the Adriatic, largely contaminated with the
Celts (Nordics) who had flowed down over them. That the
Umbrians had a deadly hatred of a people of the same name,
who had survived in their coast area, is proved by the
Iguvine Tables, where the Iapuzkum numen is heartily cursed
along with the Etruscans and the men of Nar."

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Full text of "The passing of the great race; or, The racial basis of European history. 4th rev. ed., with a documentary supplement, with prefaces by Henry Fairfield Osborn"

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